|
|
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4. |
0% - |
Carbon monoxide poisoning - garages |
Authors:
T.H. Greiner |
|
|
How dangerous is it to operate an engine in a closed building? So
dangerous that it must NEVER be done, even for a short time. The
extremely high concentrations of carbon monoxide produced by an engine
can raise CO concentrations in a closed building so quickly that a
person may collapse before they even realize there is a problem. Carbon
monoxide reduces the amount of oxygen to the brain, causing CO
intoxication, and lack of reasoning. Studies by the Centers for Disease
Control found that CO co
|
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|
|
5. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning - Checking for Complete Combustion
|
Authors:
Thomas H. Greiner |
|
|
Fossil fuels contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). During complete
combustion carbon and hydrogen combine with oxygen (O2) to produce
carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). During incomplete combustion part
of the carbon is not completely oxidized producing soot or carbon
monoxide (CO). Incomplete combustion uses fuel inefficiently and the
carbon monoxide produced is a health hazard. A properly designed,
adjusted, and maintained gas flame produces only small amounts of carbon
monoxide, with 400 pa
|
|
|
|
6. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: Downdrafting (Backdrafting) |
Authors:
Dr. Thomas Greiner |
|
|
What is Carbon Monoxide? Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless,
odorless, tasteless, deadly gas. You can't see, smell or taste it.
Carbon monoxide is slightly lighter than air and quickly spreads
throughout an entire house. What causes carbon monoxide production?
Carbon monoxide gas is produced when fossil fuel burns incompletely
because of insufficient oxygen. During incomplete combustion, the car
and hydrogen in the fuel combine to form carbon dioxide, water, heat,
and deadly carbon monoxide. In
|
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|
7. |
0% - |
Carbon monoxide (co) poses silent and serious threat for families during
winter months |
Authors:
Home Safety Council |
|
|
Often known as a silent killer, carbon monoxide (CO) is a
colorless and odorless gas that poses a substantial risk to families
using fuel-burning heating sources during the winter months. In fact,
according to the Home Safety Council’s State of Home Safety in America™
report, CO poisoning accounted for more than 100,000 medical visits in
the year studied. The high number of poisonings documented by the
Council’s research may be explained by the fact that sixty-seven percent
(67 percent) of house
|
|
|
|
8. |
0% - |
What is a pesticide? |
Authors:
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
|
|
A pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended
for: preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest. Though
often misunderstood to refer only to insecticides, the term pesticide
also applies to herbicides, fungicides, and various other substances
used to control pests. Under United States law, a pesticide is also any
substance or mixture of substances intended for use as a plant
regulator, defoliant, or desiccant.
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. |
0% - |
Radon |
Authors:
California
Geological Society |
|
|
Radon gas is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is
invisible and odorless. It forms from the radioactive decay small
amounts of uranium and thorium naturally present in rocks and soils so
some radon exists in all rocks and so Certain rock types, such as black
shales and certain igneous rocks, can have uranium and thorium in
amounts high than is typical for the earth’s crust. Increased amounts of
radon will be generated in the subsurface at these locations. Because
radon is a gas, it can
|
|
|
|
11. |
0% - |
American Lung Association – Carbon Monoxide Fact Sheet |
Authors:
American Lung Association |
|
|
Americans spend approximately 90 percent of their time indoors,
where hazardous air pollutants can exist at higher levels than outdoors.
Children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with lung disease are
particularly at high risk for adverse health effects caused by indoor
air pollution, including carbon monoxide (CO). CO is a colorless,
odorless gas that is produced as a result of incomplete burning of
carbon containing fuels. Exposure to CO reduces the blood's ability to
carry oxygen.
|
|
|
|
12. |
0% - |
American Lung Association – Carbon Monoxide Fact Sheet |
Authors:
American Lung Association |
|
|
Americans spend approximately 90 percent of their time indoors,
where hazardous air pollutants can exist at higher levels than outdoors.
Children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people with lung disease are
particularly at high risk for adverse health effects caused by indoor
air pollution, including carbon monoxide (CO). CO is a colorless,
odorless gas that is produced as a result of incomplete burning of
carbon containing fuels. Exposure to CO reduces the blood's ability to
carry oxygen.
|
|
|
|
13. |
0% - |
Public Health Statement for Asbestos |
Authors:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry |
|
|
This Public Health Statement is the summary chapter
from the Toxicological Profile for asbestos. It is one in a series of
Public Health Statements about hazardous substances and their health
effects. A shorter version, the ToxFAQs™, is also available. This
information is important because this substance may harm you. The
effects of exposure to any hazardous substance depend on the dose, the
duration, how you are exposed, personal traits and habits, and whether
other chemicals are present. For
|
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|
26. |
0% - |
Pesticides: Health and Safety |
Authors:
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
Following is a list of pesticide state lead agencies. In general,
the first Web site listed is a general site for the state's
environmental agency. The second Web site is specific to certification
and training programs. If two agencies are listed, the state department
of agriculture or equivalent usually certifies most categories of
applicators, while the structural pest control agency certifies on for
structural pest control.
|
|
|
|
27. |
0% - |
About pesticides |
Authors:
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
The following documents provide general information about ways to
reduce risks from pesticide exposure at home, work and at school.
|
|
|
|
28. |
0% - |
Pesticides Outreach Material Catalogue: Information for Your Home and
Community |
Authors:
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), Office of Pesticides Programs |
|
|
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Office of
Pesticides Programs (OPP) Outreach Publications Catalogue, is a
comprehensive listing of more than 50 outreach publications and 70 fact
sheets available free of charge to the public. These publications are
intended for use by the general public, including homeowners, parents,
and urban community leaders. All publications listed in this catalogue
provide useful information on responsible pesticide use, storage, and
disposal practices. Many
|
|
|
|
37. |
0% - |
An Extended Study of Interim Lead Hazard Reduction Measures Employed In
The Baltimore Clinical Center of The Treatment Of Lead-Exposed Children
(TLC)-Clinical Trial |
Authors:
Mark Farfel, et al. |
|
|
The Treatment of Lead-exposed Children (TLC)-Clinical Trial is
investigating the potential benefits of the use of the oral chelating
agent “succimer” for the treatment of moderately lead poisoned children
(PbB 20-44 Fg/dL) aged 12 to 32 months at the start of treatment. The
Trial has four Clinical Centers nationwide and is sponsored by the
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). The main
outcome variable is the child’s neurodevelopmental status 36 months and
84 months after
|
|
|
|
38. |
0% - |
National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing Final Report Volume I:
Analysis of Lead Hazards |
Authors:
Robert P. Clickner, et al. |
|
|
The National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing (referred to
as the National Survey or NSLAH) was conducted under the sponsorship of
the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) to assess children's
potential household exposure to lead and allergens. The National Survey
measured the levels of lead in dust, soil, and paint, the prevalence of
hazardous levels of lead, and levels and patterns of various indoor
aller
|
|
|
|
41. |
0% - |
Third national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals
|
Authors:
Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
|
|
Using advanced laboratory science and innovative techniques,
scientists in CDC’s Environmental Health Laboratory at the National
Center of Environmental Health (NCEH) have helped change the face of
environmental public health in this country. By recognizing chemicals
that enter the body from environmental exposure, by responding to
terrorism and public health emergencies involving chemicals, and by
improving laboratory methods to measure chemical exposure, the
laboratory has greatly enhanced th
|
|
|
|
47. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning OSHA Fact Sheet |
Authors:
U.S.
Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration |
|
|
What is carbon monoxide? Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous,
colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. Although it has no detectable
odor, CO is often mixed with other gases that do have an odor. So, you
can inhale carbon monoxide right along with gases that you can smell and
not even know that CO is present. CO is a common industrial hazard
resulting from the incomplete burning of natural gas and any other
material containing carbon such as gasoline, kerosene, oil, propane,
coal, or wood. Forg
|
|
|
|
48. |
0% - |
Fatalities Associated With Carbon Monoxide Poisoning From Motor
Vehicles, 1995-1997 |
Authors:
U.S. Department of Transporation National
Highway Traffic Safety Administration |
|
|
NHTSA’s National Center for Statistics and Analysis (NCSA)
recently completed a second study of data from the National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS) to obtain an estimate of the number of persons
killed as a result of carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning by exhaust gases of
motor vehicles. This note updates the results of the study done in 1996
to assess the extent of fatalities associated with CO poisoning from
motor vehicles using the NCHS data for the 1993 calendar year (NHTSA,
1996). This
|
|
|
|
49. |
0% - |
Consumer Product Safety Review C.O. Poisoning |
Authors:
U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission |
|
|
According to the latest data compiled by staff of the U.S.
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), heating systems continue to
be one of the major causes of non-fire, non-motor vehicle carbon
monoxide (CO) poisoning. An estimated 217 people died as a result of
this kind of CO poisoning during 1996, the most recent year with
complete death certificate data. Of these deaths, heating systems were
involved in 163 fatalities, or about 75% of all consumer product-related
CO poisoning deaths (Fig
|
|
|
|
52. |
0% - |
Combustion Emissions from Gas Ranges |
Authors:
American Gas Association |
|
|
There are over 39 million natural gas and propane household gas
ranges, ovens, and cooktops (referred to, here, collectively as
“ranges”) in the U. S. Even with the excellent safety record of this
equipment, increasing attention is being given to combustion emissions
from ranges. What combustion emissions from gas ranges are of concern to
the public and the gas industry? The natural gas industry has devoted
technical attention and research to issues of carbon monoxide (CO) since
the 1920s and
|
|
|
|
54. |
0% - |
Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates
|
Authors:
Arnold L.
Aspelin and Arthur H. Grube |
|
|
Pesticides of various types are used in most sectors of the U.S.
Economy. In general terms, a pesticide is any agent used to kill or
control undesired insects, weeds, rodents, fungi, bacteria or other
organisms. Thus, the term “pesticide” includes insecticides, herbicides,
rodenticides, fungicides, nematicides, and acaracides as well as
disinfectants, fumigants, wood preservatives and plant growth
regulators. Pesticides play a vital role in controlling agricultural,
industrial, home/garden, and
|
|
|
|
55. |
0% - |
Diazinon Revised Risk Assessment and Agreement with Registrants
|
Authors:
United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention,
Pesticides And Toxic Substances |
|
|
EPA is releasing its revised risk assessment and announcing an
agreement with registrants to remove and phase out certain uses of the
organophosphate pesticide diazinon. Also known as Spectracide and other
trade names, diazinon is one of the most widely-used insecticides in the
U.S., especially for household lawn and garden pest control. The Food
Quality Protection Act, enacted in 1996, sets a more stringent safety
standard for most pesticides and offers special protection for children.
EPA has
|
|
|
|
56. |
0% - |
Chlorpyrifos Revised Risk Assessment and Agreement with Registrants
|
Authors:
United
States Environmental Protection Agency, Prevention,
Pesticides And Toxic Substances |
|
|
EPA has released its revised risk assessment and announced an
agreement with registrants to eliminate and phase out certain uses of
the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos. Also known as Dursban,
Lorsban, and other trade names, chlorpyrifos is one of the most
widely-used insecticides in the U.S., both in agriculture and in and
around the home. The Food Quality Protection Act, enacted in 1996, sets
a more stringent safety standard for most pesticides and offers special
protection for childre
|
|
|
|
59. |
0% - |
Pesticides Industry Sales And Usage 1994 and 1995 Market Estimates
|
Authors:
Arnold L.
Aspelin |
|
|
This report provides an overview of the pesticide industry for
1994 and 1995. It contains a series of tables with estimates of the U.S.
market for those two years. The tables contain information on quantities
used and user expenditures (by economic sector and pesticide class),
imports, exports, numbers of firms/individuals involved in
production/use of pesticides, number of pesticides, certified
applicators and on a number of other topics. Much of the tabular
information in this report is for th
|
|
|
|
60. |
0% - |
Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 2000 and 2001 Market Estimates
|
Authors:
Timothy Kiely, David Donaldson and Arthur
Grube |
|
|
Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
(FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with the States
and other agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is responsible for regulating
the production and use of pesticides in the United States. This report
provides contemporary and historical economic information on the U.S.
pesticide produc
|
|
|
|
63. |
0% - |
Air Quality Criteria for Carbon Monoxide |
Authors:
U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
The purpose of this document is to present air quality criteria
for carbon monoxide (CO), in accordance with Sections 108 and 109 of the
Clean Air Act (CAA), that reflect the latest scientific information
useful in indicating the kind and extent of all identifiable effects on
public health and welfare that may be expected from the presence of CO
in ambient air. This document is an update of Air Quality Criteria for
Carbon Monoxide, published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
in 1991, a
|
|
|
|
66. |
0% - |
Developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: cellular mechanisms
|
Authors:
K.D. Whitney, F.J. Seidler and T.A. Slotkin |
|
|
Chlorpyrifos, one of the most widely used pesticides, exhibits
greater toxicity during development than in adulthood. We administered
chlorpyrifos to neonatal rats in apparently subtoxic doses that caused
no mortality and little or no weight deficits and examined developing
brain regions (cerebellum, forebrain, brainstem) for signs of
interference with cell development. One-day-old rats given 2 mg/kg sc of
chlorpyrifos showed significant inhibition of DNA synthesis in all brain
regions within 4
|
|
|
|
67. |
0% - |
Non-Occupational Exposures to Pesticides for Residents of Two U.S.
Cities |
Authors:
R. W. Whitmore, et al. |
|
|
The Non-Occupational Pesticide Exposure Study, funded by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, was designed to assess total human
exposures to 32 pesticides and pesticide degradation products in the
non-occupational environment; however, the study focused primarily on
inhalation exposures. Two sites--Jacksonville, Florida (USA) and
Springfield/Chicopee, Massachusetts (USA)--were studied during three
seasons: Summer 1986 (Jacksonville only), Spring 1987, and Winter 1988.
Probability samples
|
|
|
|
68. |
0% - |
2002 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers
|
Authors:
Willian A. Watson, et al. |
|
|
Toxic Exposure Surveillance System (TESS) data are compiled by
the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) on behalf of
US poison centers. These data are used to identify hazards early, focus
prevention education, guide clinical research, and direct training. TESS
data have prompted product reformulations, repackaging, recalls, and
bans; are used to support regulatory actions; and form the basis of
postmarketing surveillance of newly released drugs and products. From
its inceptio
|
|
|
|
69. |
0% - |
Measurement of atmospheric concentrations of common household
pesticides: a pilot study |
Authors:
Robert G. Lewis and Andrew E. Bond |
|
|
Abstract. Air concentrations of 28 of the most commonly used
household pesticides were measured inside nine homes in Jacksonville,
Florida, and compared with corresponding outdoor levels. The households
selected were sorted into three categories according to the degree of
pesticide indoor usage. Personal air monitoring was also performed on
one resident of each household by means of a portable sampler, which was
kept with the person at all times. Five of the pesticides were found in
the air insi
|
|
|
|
70. |
0% - |
Acute toxicity of two pyrethroids, perrnethrin, and eypermethrin in
neonatal and adult rats |
Authors:
Franco Cantalamessa |
|
|
The present study aims specifically at obtaining a comparison of
the acute toxicity of cypermethrin (CY), a type I pyrethroid, and
permethrin (PERM), a type II pyrethroid, administered orally as a single
dose to neonatal and adult rats, and at assessing the importance of
pyrethroid biotransformation in CY and PERM toxicity through use of drug
metabolism inhibitors. Our experiments show that CY is more toxic than
PERM to adult and neonatal rats. The sensitivity of neonatal rats both
to CY and t
|
|
|
|
79. |
0% - |
Vascular Endothelial Cells Generate Peroxynitrite in Response to Carbon
Monoxide Exposure |
Authors:
Stephen R. Thom, Anne Xu and Harry
Ischiropoulos |
|
|
Carbon monoxide causes a perivascular oxidative injury in
animals, and we tested the hypothesis that endothelial cells could be a
source of the injurious oxidants. Studies were undertaken to assess
whether exposure to carbon monoxide would cause cultured bovine
pulmonary artery endothelial cells to liberate reactive species.
Concentrations of carbon monoxide between 11 and 110 nM caused
progressively higher concentrations of nitric oxide to be released by
endothelial cells based on measurements
|
|
|
|
80. |
0% - |
Effect of short-term exposure to low levels of gaseous pollutants on
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations |
Authors:
Qiuying Yang, et al. |
|
|
We examined the associations between gaseous pollutants and
hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) among
elderly people living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, a city in
which ambient air pollution levels are relatively low. We regressed the
logarithm of daily counts of acute COPD hospitalization during the
5-year period from 1994 to 1998 on the daily mean levels of each
pollutant, after accounting for seasonal and subseasonal fluctuations,
non-Poisson dispersi
|
|
|
|
81. |
0% - |
Risk and Protective Factors for Fires, Burns, and Carbon Monoxide
Poisoning in U.S. Households |
Authors:
Carol W. Runyan, et al. |
|
|
Background: More needs to be known about the prevalence of risk
and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide poisoning
in U.S. households. Methods: A random-digit-dial survey was conducted
about home safety with 1003 respondents representing households in the
continental United States. Descriptive statistics assess the prevalence
of risk and protective factors for fires, burns, and carbon monoxide
overall, and by demographic characteristics, household structure,
region, and resi
|
|
|
|
82. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Portable Electric Generators
|
Authors:
Neil B. Hampson Jennette L. Zmaeff |
|
|
Background: While the overall death rate from unintentional
carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning has decreased in the United States due to
improved automobile emissions controls and a decline in CO poisonings
from motor vehicles, exposures have not changed from some sources of CO.
One of these is the operation of portable electrical generators in
poorly ventilated spaces. This study sought to describe the population
poisoned from CO produced by portable electric generators, and to
determine the reaso
|
|
|
|
83. |
0% - |
Surveillance for Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Using a National Media
Clipping Service |
Authors:
Jack C. Clifton, II |
|
|
Using a novel method to review carbon monoxide (CO) exposures in
the US, the role of CO detectors in prevention of CO-related deaths was
studied. Using a national media clipping service, CO poisonings reported
in the US were analyzed. The impact of CO detectors was investigated
through nonfatal outcomes attributable to the presence of CO detectors
and case fatality rate comparison among cities with and without CO
detector ordinances. There were 4,564 CO exposures resulting in 406
(8.9%) fataliti
|
|
|
|
84. |
0% - |
Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 6. Carbon
monoxide poisoning |
Authors:
Alan Abelsohn, Margaret D. Sanborn, Barry J.
Jessiman |
|
|
CARBON MONOXIDE POISONING IS AN ENIGMATIC ILLNESS. The symptoms
are often nonspecific or masked by an exacerbation of an underlying
illness, such as congestive heart failure, that has been triggered by
carbon monoxide inhalation. The effects can range from mild, annoying
symptoms relieved by removal of the source to severe morbidity with
profound central nervous system dysfunction, acute complications and
delayed sequelae. Estimates suggest that about one-third of nonfatal
cases of carbon monoxi
|
|
|
|
93. |
0% - |
Environmental factors influencing the development and progression of
pediatric asthma |
Authors:
Erika von Mutius |
|
|
Recent data underscore the importance of environmental factors in
the sensitization of children to certain allergens and the development
of asthma. Maternal smoking and family (especially maternal) history of
atopy appear to be risk factors for persistent sensitization and
development of asthma. Indeed, exposure to tobacco smoke in utero
significantly increases asthma risk and influences the timing of
sensitization. It must be stated that any smoking at home has
consequences for the development
|
|
|
|
116. |
0% - |
Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States:
reference range concentrations |
Authors:
Robert H. Hill, Jr., et al. |
|
|
We measured 12 analytes in urine of 1000 adults living in the
United States to establish reference range concentrations for pesticide
residues. We frequently found six of these analytes: 2,5-dichlorophenol
(in 98% of adults); 2,4-dichlorophenol (in 64%); 1-naphthol (in 86%);
2-naphthol (in 81%); 3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridinol (in 82%); and
pentachlorophenol (in 64%). The 95th percentile concentration (95th PC)
for 2,5-dichlorophenol (indicative of p-dichlorobenzene exposure) was
790 micrograms/lit
|
|
|
|
117. |
0% - |
Reduction of Airborne Particles in Houses With Occupants Having
Respiratory Ailments |
Authors:
Canada
Mortgage and Housing Corporation |
|
|
An expanding body of public health research has identified
airborne particles as a cause of respiratory ailments.A number of
studies have examined the concentration of fine particles in indoor air
and the incidence of respiratory complications. In these studies,the
average concentration over the period of one or more days was
considered. Little attention has been paid, however, to variation in
concentration over shorter time scales, such as over the course of a
day.This can be investigated by
|
|
|
|
120. |
0% - |
Effect of short-term exposure to low levels of gaseous pollutants on
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations |
Authors:
Qiuying Yanga, et al. |
|
|
We examined the associations between gaseous pollutants and
hospitalization for chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) among
elderlypeople living in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, a cityin
which ambient air pollution levels are relativelylow. We regressed the
logarithm of dailycounts of acute COPD hospitalization during the 5-year
period from 1994 to 1998 on the dailymean levels of each pollutant,
after accounting for seasonal and subseasonal fluctuations, non-Poisson
dispersion, an
|
|
|
|
121. |
0% - |
Distribution of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Floor Dust throughout
Homes Following Homeowner and Commercial Lawn Applications: Quantitative
Effects of Children, Pets, and Shoes |
Authors:
Marcia G. Nishioka, Hazel M. Burkholder,
Marielle C. Brinkman, and Robert G. Lewis |
|
|
Transport of lawn-applied 2,4-D into 13 actual homes was measured
following both homeowner and commercial application of this herbicide to
residential lawns. Collection of floor dust in five rooms of each house,
corresponding to an entryway, living room, dining room, kitchen, and a
child’s bedroom, both prior to and after application, indicated that
turf residues are transported indoors and that the gradient in 2,4-D
dust loading (íg/m2) through the house follows the traffic pattern from
the ent
|
|
|
|
122. |
0% - |
Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers,
and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust
|
Authors:
Ruthann A. Rudel, David E. Camann, John D.
Spengler, Leo R. Korn, and Julia G. Brody |
|
|
Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs)
have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor
exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89
organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected
in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported
measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds,
including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of
compounds detected per h
|
|
|
|
123. |
0% - |
Chlordanes in the Indoor and Outdoor Air of Three U.S. Cities
|
Authors:
John H. Offenberg |
|
|
Indoor and outdoor concentrations of six chlordane components (
trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, transnonachlor, cis-nonachlor,
oxychlordane, and MC5) were measured at 157 residences, all of which
were inhabited by nonsmoking individuals, in three urban areas during
June 1999-May 2000. The analyses were conducted on a subset of 48 h
integrated samples collected in Los Angeles County, CA, Houston, TX, and
Elizabeth, NJ within the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal
Air (RIOPA) study. B
|
|
|
|
124. |
0% - |
Measuring Transport of Lawn-Applied Herbicide Acids from Turf to Home:
Correlation of Dislodgeable 2,4-D Turf Residues with Carpet Dust and
Carpet Surface Residues |
Authors:
Marcia G. Nishioka, Hazel M. Burkholder,
Marielle C. Brinkman, and Sydney M. Gordon, Robert G. Lewis |
|
|
Transport of lawn-applied herbicides into the home via walking
over treated turf, defined here as track-in, was measured at five
different times out to 1 week after application. Residues of
turf-applied 2,4-D and dicamba were measured in carpet dust and on the
carpet surface after track-in. Both carpet dust levels and carpet
surface dislodgeable residue levels were highly correlated with turf
dislodgeable residue levels. Turf dislodgeable residues were 0.1-0.2% of
turf application levels. Trans
|
|
|
|
130. |
0% - |
Symptoms of wheeze and persistent cough in the first year of life:
associations |
Authors:
Kathleen Belanger, et al. |
|
|
In a cohort of 849 infants with an asthmatic sibling, the authors
examined the relations of exposure to allergens (dust mite, cockroach,
cat, and dog), nitrogen dioxide, and mold with symptoms of wheeze and
persistent cough in the first year of life (1998–2000). Among infants
whose mothers had physician-diagnosed asthma, neither dust mite allergen
nor dog allergen was associated with either symptom. Exposure to
cockroach allergen (Bla g 1 at ?2 U/g) modestly increased the risk for
wheeze (odds r
|
|
|
|
137. |
0% - |
Increased risk of allergy in children due to formaldehyde exposure in
homes |
Authors:
M.H. Garrett, M.A. Hooper, B.M. Hooper, P. R.
Rayment and M. J. Abramson |
|
|
Background: Formaldehyde levels were measured in 80 houses in the
Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia. An association between exposure to
formaldehyde and sensitization to common aero-allergens has been
suggested from animal trials, but no epidemiologic studies have tested
this hypothesis. Methods: A total of 148 children 7-14 years of age were
included in the study, 53 of whom were asthmatic. Formaldehyde
measurements were performed on four occastions between March 1994 and
February 1995 with
|
|
|
|
142. |
0% - |
Use of unvented residential heating appliances -- United States,
1988-1994 |
Authors:
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly |
|
|
Many heating appliances rely on combustion of carbon-based fuels
and therefore are potential sources of health-threatening indoor air
pollution. Most combustion heating appliances are vented to the outside
of buildings to facilitate removal of the products of combustion, which
include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
water vapor ( 1 ). However, some combustion heating devices may be
unvented (e.g., kerosene- and propane-fueled space heaters, some
gas-fueled log se
|
|
|
|
143. |
0% - |
Deaths from motor-vehicle-related unintentional carbon monoxide
poisoning --Colorado, 1996, New Mexico, 1980-1995, and United
States,1979-1992 |
Authors:
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly |
|
|
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, toxic gas that is
a product of incomplete combustion. Motor vehicles, heaters, and
appliances that use carbon-based fuels are the main sources of this
poison. Most fatal unintentional CO poisonings associated with motor
vehicles are preventable and can result from differing mechanisms of
exposure: 1) operation of a motor vehicle with a damaged or
malfunctioning exhaust system and an inadequately ventilated passenger
compartment, 2) operation of a mo
|
|
|
|
144. |
0% - |
Use of Unvented Residential Heating Appliances -- United States,
1988-1994 |
Authors:
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly |
|
|
Many heating appliances rely on combustion of carbon-based fuels
and therefore are potential sources of health-threatening indoor air
pollution. Most combustion heating appliances are vented to the outside
of buildings to facilitate removal of the products of combustion, which
include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and
water vapor ( 1 ). However, some combustion heating devices may be
unvented (e.g., kerosene- and propane-fueled space heaters, some
gas-fueled log sets,
|
|
|
|
154. |
0% - |
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Carbon Monoxide-Final
Decision |
Authors:
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |
|
|
SUMMARY: Identical primary (health-based) and secondary
(welfare-based) national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for
carbon monoxide (CO) were promulgated in 1971 at 9 parts per million
(ppm), 8-hour average, and 35 ppm, 1-hour average, neither to be
exceeded more than one time per year. In 1985, the EPA announced the
decision not to revise the primary CO NAAQS and at the same time to
revoke the secondary CO NAAQS. In accordance with sections 108 and 109
of the Clean Air Act (Act), the EP
|
|
|
|
155. |
0% - |
Non-Fire Carbon Monoxide Deaths Associated with the Use of Consumer
Products 2001 Annual Estimates |
Authors:
U.S Consumer Product Safety Commission |
|
|
This report provides information about the number of
unintentional non-fire deaths attributed to carbon monoxide (CO)
poisoning that were associated with the use of consumer products in
2001. In 2001, there were an estimated 130 unintentional non-fire CO
poisoning deaths associated with consumer products under the
jurisdiction of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). From
1999-2001, there were an average yearly estimated 126 unintentional
non-fire CO poisoning deaths associated wi
|
|
|
|
156. |
0% - |
Non-Fire Carbon Monoxide Deaths Associated with the Use of Consumer
Products |
Authors:
Susan A. Vagts |
|
|
This report provides information about the number of
unintentional non-fire deaths attributed to carbon monoxide (CO)
poisoning that were associated with the use of consumer products in 1999
and 2000. From 1999-2000, there were an average yearly estimated 124
unintentional non-fire CO poisoning deaths associated with consumer
products under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC). This average estimate is based on an estimated 109
and 138 non-fire CO poisoning deat
|
|
|
|
157. |
0% - |
Non-Fire Carbon Monoxide Deaths Associated with the Use of Consumer 1998
Annual Estimates |
Authors:
Jean C. Mah |
|
|
This report provides information about the number of
unintentional non-fire deaths attributed to carbon monoxide (CO)
poisoning that were associated with the use of consumer products in
1998. According to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)
totals, between 1994 and 1998, the total number of unintentional
non-fire CO poisoning deaths, including those associated with consumer
products under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) and those associated wi
|
|
|
|
160. |
0% - |
A longitudal investigation of selected pesticide metabolites in urine
|
Authors:
David L Macintosh, Larry L. Needham, Karen A.
Hammerstrom, and P. Barry Ryan |
|
|
As part of a longitudinal investigation of environmental
exposures to selected chemical contaminants, concentrations of pesticide
metabolites 1-naphthol (INAP), 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2pyridinol (TCPY),
malathion dicarboxylic acid (MDA), and atrazine mercapturate (AM) were
measured in repeated samples obtained from 80 individuals in Maryland
during 1995-1996. Up to six urine samples were collected from each
individual at intervals of approximately 8 weeks over a 1-year period
(i.e., one sample per pa
|
|
|
|
161. |
0% - |
Update: Pulmonary Hemorrhage/Hemosiderosis Among Infants --- Cleveland,
Ohio, 1993-1996 |
Authors:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
|
|
Ohio, with
acute idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage, also referred to as pulmonary
hemosiderosis (1,2). The children resided in seven contiguous postal
tracts and had had one or more hemorrhagic episodes, resulting in one
death, during January 1993-December 1994. Preliminary results of a CDC
case-control study (2) indicated that hemorrhage was associated with 1)
major household water damage during the 6 months before illness and 2)
increased levels of measurable household fungi, including the tox
|
|
|
|
162. |
0% - |
Unintentional Non–Fire-Related Carbon Monoxide Exposures — United
States, 2001–2003 |
Authors:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
|
|
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that
results from incomplete combustion of fuels (e.g., natural or liquefied
petroleum gas, oil, wood, coal, or other fuels). CO sources (e.g.,
furnaces, generators, gas heaters, and motor vehicles) are common in
homes or work environments and can put persons at risk for CO exposure
and poisoning. Most signs and symptoms of CO exposure are nonspecific
(e.g., headache or nausea) and can be mistakenly attributed to other
causes, such as
|
|
|
|
163. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Associated with Use of LPG-Powered (propone)
Forklifts in Industrial Settings - Iowa, 1998 |
Authors:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
|
|
|
In 1998, the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) and Iowa
State University (ISU) Extension Department, with the assistance of
local health departments, investigated a series of carbon monoxide (CO)
poisonings associated with the use of liquified petroleum gas
(LPG)-powered forklifts in light industry. In each episode, forklifts
emitting high CO concentration levels were operated in inadequately
ventilated warehouse and production facilities, which resulted in high
CO accumulations. Employe
|
|
|
|
164. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Hurricane-Associated Use of Portable
Generators — Florida, 2004 |
Authors:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
|
|
The four major hurricanes that struck Florida during August
13–September 25, 2004, produced electric power outages in several
million homes (1). After the hurricanes, the Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) investigated six deaths in Florida attributed to
carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning (CPSC, unpublished data, 2004). The
Florida Department of Health and CDC analyzed demographic and CO
exposure data from these fatal poisoning cases and from nonfatal
poisoning cases among 167 persons treate
|
|
|
|
165. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Associated with Use of LPG-Powered (propone)
Forklifts in Industrial Settings - Iowa, 1998 |
Authors:
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
|
|
|
In 1998, the Iowa Department of Public Health (IDPH) and Iowa
State University (ISU) Extension Department, with the assistance of
local health departments, investigated a series of carbon monoxide (CO)
poisonings associated with the use of liquified petroleum gas
(LPG)-powered forklifts in light industry. In each episode, forklifts
emitting high CO concentration levels were operated in inadequately
ventilated warehouse and production facilities, which resulted in high
CO accumulations. Employe
|
|
|
|
166. |
0% - |
Use of Carbon Monoxide Alarms to Prevent Poisonings During a Power
Outage — North Carolina, December 2002 |
Authors:
Department of Health and Human Services |
|
|
Each year in the United States, approximately 500 persons die
from unintentional carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning (1), often during
electric power outages caused by severe storms (2–4). Use of residential
CO alarms has been recommended to reduce the incidence of CO poisoning
(5,6). In September 2000, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina (2002
population: 722,367), adopted a public health ordinance requiring a CO
alarm in the majority of residences; all-electric residences without
attached ga
|
|
|
|
171. |
0% - |
House dust levels of selected insecticides and a herbicide measured by
the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine
metabilites |
Authors:
P. J. Lioy, et al. |
|
|
During the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study
(MNCPES), comparisons were made between the insecticide/herbicide
loadings obtained with two household dust/insecticide or herbicide
samplers: the Edwards and Lioy (EL) press sampler (used for dust
collection from carpets or other surfaces) and the Lioy, Wainman and
Weisel (LWW) surface wipe sampler. The results were compared with hand
rinse levels, and urine metabolite levels obtained from 102 children
(ages 3-13). All measurements were m
|
|
|
|
172. |
0% - |
Pesticide storage and use patterns in Minnesota households with children
|
Authors:
John L. Adgate, et al. |
|
|
As part of the National Human Exposure Assessment (NHEXAS),
residential pesticide storage and use patterns were evaluated in a
population-based sample of Minnesota households with children ages 3-13.
In-home interviews and inventories were conducted to identify pesticide
products stored and used in and around 308 households. This
statisfically based sample represents more than 49,000 urban and rural
households in the census tracts sampled. More than 850 unique products
were identified using Envi
|
|
|
|
175. |
0% - |
Biomonitoring and whole body cotton dosimetry to estimate potential
human dermal exposure to semivolatile chemicals |
Authors:
Robert I. Krieger |
|
|
Current methods of estimating absorbed dosage (AD) of chemicals
were evaluated to determine residue transfer from a carpet treated with
chlorpyrifos (CP) to humans who performed a structured exercise routine.
To determine the dislodgeability of residue, a California Department of
Food and Agriculture (CDFA) roller was applied to a flat cotton cloth
upon a treated carpet. Levels ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 µg CP/cm2. Cotton
whole body disimeters (WBD) were also used to assess residue transer.
The do
|
|
|
|
176. |
0% - |
Comparison of pesticide levels in carpet dust and self reported pest
treatment practices in four US sites |
Authors:
Joanne S. Colt |
|
|
Epidemiologic studies have used both questionnaires and carpet
dust sampling to assess residential exposure to pesticides. The
consistency of the information provided by these two approaches has not
been explored. In a population-based case–control study of non-Hodgkin’s
lymphoma, carpet dust samples were collected from the homes of 513
control subjects in Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The samples
were taken from used vacuum cleaner bags and analyzed for 30 pesticides.
Interviewers
|
|
|
|
177. |
0% - |
Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure
Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results
for pesticides and VOCs |
Authors:
Sydney M. Gordon, et al. |
|
|
A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment
Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential
environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides
(chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene,
toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for
total humane exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine,
dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g. indoor
and outdoor air, house dust, fo
|
|
|
|
179. |
0% - |
A Modeling Framework for Estimating Children’s Residential Exposure and
Dose to Chlorpyrifos Via Dermal Residue Contact and Nondietary Ingestion
|
Authors:
Valerie G. Zartarian, et al. |
|
|
To help address the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, a
physically based probabilistic model has been developed to quantify and
analyze dermal and nondietary ingestion exposure and dose to pesticides.
The Residential Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation Model for
Pesticides (Residential-SHEDS) simulates the exposures and doses of
children contacting residues on surfaces in treated residences and on
turf in treated residential yards. The simulations combine sequential
time–location–a
|
|
|
|
182. |
0% - |
An Anthropological Approach to the Evaluation of Preschool Children
Exposed to Pesticides in Mexico |
Authors:
Elizabeth A. Guillette, María Mercedes Meza,
Maria Guadalupe Aquilar, Alma Delia Soto, and Idalia Enedina Garcia |
|
|
In this comparative study, we compensated for many of the known
variables that influence children's growth and development by selecting
two groups of 4-5-year-old Yaqui children who reside in the Yaqui Valley
of northwestern Mexico. These children share similar genetic
backgrounds, diets, water mineral contents, cultural patterns, and
social behaviors. The major difference was their exposure to pesticides.
Pesticides have been applied to the agricultural area of the valley
since the late 1940s
|
|
|
|
183. |
0% - |
Chemicals in the Environment and Developmental Toxicity to Children: A
Public Health: A Public Health and Policy Perspective |
Authors:
Lynn R. Goldman and Sudha Koduru |
|
|
There are numerous pesticides and toxic chemicals in the
environment that have yet to be evaluated for potential to cause
developmental neurotoxicity. Recent legislation and testing initiatives
provide an impetus to generating more information about potential
hazards to children. In the United States, the 1996 Food Quality
Protection Act (FQPA) required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(U.S. EPA) to make a finding that a pesticide food use is safe for
children. In addition, the law requ
|
|
|
|
184. |
0% - |
Exposures of Children to Organophosphate Pesticides and Their Potential
Adverse Health Effects |
Authors:
Brenda Eskenazi, Asa Bradman, and Rosemary
Castorina |
|
|
Recent studies show that young children can be exposed to
pesticides during normal oral exploration of their environment and their
level of dermal contact with floors and other surfaces. Children living
in agricultural areas may be exposed to higher pesticide levels than
other children because of pesticides tracked into their homes by
household members, by pesticide drift, by breast milk from their
farmworker mother, or by playing in nearby fields. Nevertheless, few
studies have assessed the ex
|
|
|
|
188. |
0% - |
Characterizing Exposures to Nonpersistent Pesticides during Pregnancy
and Early Childhood in the National Children’s Study: A Review of
Monitoring and Measurement Methodologies |
Authors:
Asa Bradman and Robin M. Whyatt |
|
|
The National Children’s Study is a proposed longitudinal cohort
study to evaluate the relationships between children’s health and the
environment. Enrollment is estimated to begin in September 2005, and
100,000 children will be followed from preconception or early pregnancy
until adulthood. Among multiple health outcomes, the study is proposing
to investigate whether pre- and/or postnatal exposures to nonpersistent
pesticides increase the risk of poor performance on neurobehavioral and
cognitive
|
|
|
|
189. |
0% - |
Exposure to Indoor Pesticides during Pregnancy in a Multiethnic, Urban
Cohort |
Authors:
Gertrud S. Berkowitz |
|
|
Evidence is growing that indoor pesticide exposure is of
considerable magnitude in the United States and that pesticide
concentrations may be especially high in urban areas. Of particular
concern is exposure of pregnant women because animal data suggest that
exposure to pesticides during pregnancy and early life may impair
neurodevelopment in the offspring. To investigate the relationship
between prenatal exposure to indoor pesticides and infant growth and
development, we are conducting a prospe
|
|
|
|
190. |
0% - |
Prenatal Insecticide Exposures and Birth Weight and Length among an
Urban Minority Cohort |
Authors:
Robin M. Whyatt, et al. |
|
|
We reported previously that insecticide exposures were widespread
among minority women in New York City during pregnancy and that levels
of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos in umbilical cord plasma were
inversely associated with birth weight and length. Here we expand
analyses to include additional insecticides (the organophosphate
diazinon and the carbamate propoxur), a larger sample size (n = 314
mother–newborn pairs), and insecticide measurements in maternal personal
air during pregnancy as
|
|
|
|
191. |
0% - |
Contemporary-Use Pesticides in Personal Air Samples during Pregnancy and
Blood Samples at Delivery among Urban Minority Mothers and Newborns
|
Authors:
Robin M. Whyatt, et al. |
|
|
We have measured 29 pesticides in plasma samples collected at
birth between 1998 and 2001 from 230 mother and newborn pairs enrolled
in the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health prospective
cohort study. Our prior research has shown widespread pesticide use
during pregnancy among this urban minority cohort from New York City. We
also measured eight pesticides in 48-hr personal air samples collected
from the mothers during pregnancy. The following seven pesticides were
detected in 4
|
|
|
|
192. |
0% - |
Residential Pesticide Use during Pregnancy among a Cohort of Urban
Minority Women |
Authors:
Robin M. Whyatt, et al. |
|
|
Residential pesticide use is widespread in the United States.
However, data are limited specific to use among minority populations.
Nor are data available on the extent of pesticide exposure resulting
from residential use during pregnancy. We have gathered questionnaire
data on pesticide use in the home during pregnancy from 316
African-American and Dominican women residing in northern Manhattan and
the South Bronx. Additionally, 72 women underwent personal air
monitoring for 48 hr during their
|
|
|
|
194. |
0% - |
Pesticides in Household Dust and Soil: Exposure Pathways for Children of
Agricultura Familiesl |
Authors:
Nancy J. Simcox, Richard A. Fenske, Sarah A.
Wolz, I-Chwen Lee, and David A. Kalman |
|
|
Children of agricultural families are likely to be exposed to
agricultural chemicals, even if they are not involved in farm
activities. This study was designed to determine whether such children
are exposed to higher levels of pesticides than children whose parents
are not involved in agriculture and whose homes are not close to farms.
Household dust and soil samples were collected in children's play areas
from 59 residences in eastern Washington State (26 farming, 22
farmworker, and 11 nonfar
|
|
|
|
195. |
0% - |
Predicting Children’s Short-Term Exposure to Pesticides: Results of a
|
Authors:
Ken Sexton, et al. |
|
|
The ability of questionnaires to predict children’s exposure to
pesticides was examined as part of the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide
Exposure Study (MNCPES). The MNCPES focused on a probability sample of
102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years living in either urban
(Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN) or nonurban (Rice and Goodhue Counties in
Minnesota) households. Samples were collected in a variety of relevant
media (air, food, beverages, tap water, house dust, soil, urine), and
chemical a
|
|
|
|
196. |
0% - |
Predicting Children’s Short-Term Exposure to Pesticides: Results of a
|
Authors:
Ken Sexton, et al. |
|
|
The ability of questionnaires to predict children’s exposure to
pesticides was examined as part of the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide
Exposure Study (MNCPES). The MNCPES focused on a probability sample of
102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years living in either urban
(Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN) or nonurban (Rice and Goodhue Counties in
Minnesota) households. Samples were collected in a variety of relevant
media (air, food, beverages, tap water, house dust, soil, urine), and
chemical a
|
|
|
|
197. |
0% - |
Predicting Children’s Short-Term Exposure to Pesticides: Results of a
|
Authors:
Ken Sexton, et al. |
|
|
The ability of questionnaires to predict children’s exposure to
pesticides was examined as part of the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide
Exposure Study (MNCPES). The MNCPES focused on a probability sample of
102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years living in either urban
(Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN) or nonurban (Rice and Goodhue Counties in
Minnesota) households. Samples were collected in a variety of relevant
media (air, food, beverages, tap water, house dust, soil, urine), and
chemical a
|
|
|
|
198. |
0% - |
Measurement of Children’s Exposure to Pesticides: Analysis of Urinary
|
Authors:
John L. Adgate, et al. |
|
|
The Minnesota Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study is a
probability-based sample of 102 children 3–13 years old who were
monitored for commonly used pesticides. During the summer of 1997,
first-morning-void urine samples (1–3 per child) were obtained for 88%
of study children and analyzed for metabolites of insecticides and
herbicides: carbamates and related compounds (1-NAP), atrazine (AM),
malathion (MDA), and chlorpyrifos and related compounds (TCPy). TCPy was
present in 93% of the samples, wh
|
|
|
|
204. |
0% - |
The Effect of Ambient Carbon Monoxide on Low Birth Weight among Children
Born in Southern California between 1989 and 1993 |
Authors:
Beate Ritz and Fei Yu |
|
|
We evaluated the effect of carbon monoxide (CO) exposures during
the last trimester of pregnancy on the frequency of low birth weight
among neonates born 1989-1993 to women living in the Los Angeles,
California, area. Using birth certificate data for that period, we
assembled a retrospective cohort of infants whose mothers resided within
2 miles of 1 of 18 CO monitoring stations. Based on the gestational age
and birth date of each child, we estimated last-trimester exposure by
averaging the corr
|
|
|
|
205. |
0% - |
An Association between Fine Particles and Asthma Emergency Department
Visits for |
Authors:
Gary Norris, Sharon N. YoungPong, Jane Q.
Koenig, Timothy V. Larson, Lianne Sheppard, and James W. Stout |
|
|
Asthma is the most common chronic illness of childhood and its
prevalence is increasing, causing much concern for identification of
risk factors such as air pollution. We previously conducted a study
showing a relationship between asthma visits in all persons < 65 years
of age to emergency departments (EDs) and air pollution in Seattle,
Washington. In that study the most frequent zip codes of the visits were
in the inner city. The Seattle-King County Department of Public Health
(Seattle, WA)
|
|
|
|
207. |
0% - |
Indoor Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma: Effective Environmental
Interventions |
Authors:
Ruth A. Etzel |
|
|
Exposure to indoor air pollutants such as tobacco smoke and dust
mites may exacerbate childhood asthma. Environmental interventions to
reduce exposures to these pollutants can help prevent exacerbations of
the disease. Among the most important interventions is the elimination
of environmental tobacco smoke from the environments of children with
asthma. However, the effectiveness of reducing asthmatic children's
exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on the severity of their
symptoms has not y
|
|
|
|
209. |
0% - |
Association between Gaseous Ambient Air Pollutants and Adverse Pregnancy
Outcomes in Vancouver, Canada |
Authors:
Shiliang Liu, Daniel Krewski, Yuanli Shi, Yue
Chen, and Richard T. Burnett |
|
|
The association between ambient air pollution and adverse health
effects, such as emergency room visits, hospitalizations, and mortality
from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, has been studied
extensively in many countries, including Canada. Recently, studies
conducted in China, the Czech Republic, and the United States have
related ambient air pollution to adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this
study, we examined association between preterm birth, low birth weight,
and intrauterine growth r
|
|
|
|
210. |
0% - |
Acute Respiratory Diseases and Carboxyhemoglobin Status in School
|
Authors:
Bertha Estrella, et al. |
|
|
Outdoor carbon monoxide comes mainly from vehicular emissions,
and high concentrations occur in areas with heavy traffic congestion. CO
binds to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), and reduces
oxygen delivery. We investigated the link between the adverse effects of
CO on the respiratory system using COHb as a marker for chronic CO
exposure. We examined the relationship between acute respiratory
infections (ARIs) and COHb concentrations in school-age children living
in urban and suburba
|
|
|
|
211. |
0% - |
Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Symptoms of Asthma in Seattle-Area
|
Authors:
Onchee Yu, Lianne Sheppard, Thomas Lumley,
Jane Q. Koenig, and Gail G. Shapiro |
|
|
We observed a panel of 133 children (5–13 years of age) with
asthma residing in the greater Seattle, Washington, area for an average
of 58 days (range 28–112 days) during screening for enrollment in the
Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP) study. Daily self-reports of
asthma symptoms were obtained from study diaries and compared with
ambient air pollution levels in marginal repeated measures logistic
regression models. We defined days with asthma symptoms as any day a
child reported at lea
|
|
|
|
212. |
0% - |
Effects of Transplacental Exposure to Environmental Pollutants on Birth
|
Authors:
Frederica P. Perera, et al. |
|
|
Inner-city, minority populations are high-risk groups for adverse
birth outcomes and also are more likely to be exposed to environmental
contaminants, including environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides. In a sample of 263
nonsmoking African-American and Dominican women, we evaluated the
effects on birth outcomes of prenatal exposure to airborne PAHs
monitored during pregnancy by personal air sampling, along with ETS
estimated by plasma cotinine,
|
|
|
|
217. |
0% - |
First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing: Survey Design
and |
Authors:
Patrick J. Vojta, et al. |
|
|
From July 1998 to August 1999, the U.S. Department of Housing and
Urban Development and the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences conducted the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in
Housing. The purpose of the survey was to assess children’s potential
household exposure to lead, allergens, and bacterial endotoxins. We
surveyed a sample of 831 homes, representing 96 million permanently
occupied, noninstitutional housing units that permit resident children.
We administered q
|
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219. |
0% - |
Healthy Homes Brochure |
Authors:
U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development |
|
|
The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD)
Healthy Homes Program helps make our home safer. The Program provides
homeowners and rental property owners with practical information about
how to prevent health and safety hazards.
|
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|
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220. |
0% - |
How Should Parents Protect Their Children From Environmental
Tobacco-Smoke Exposure in the Home? |
Authors:
AnnaKarin Johansson, Gören Hermansson and
Johnny Ludvigsson |
|
|
Children’s exposure to tobacco smoke is known to have adverse
health effects, and most parents try to protect their children.
Objective. To examine the effectiveness of parents’ precautions for
limiting their children’s tobacco-smoke exposure and to identify
variables associated to parents’ smoking behavior. Design and
participants. Children, 2.5 to 3 years old, participating in All Babies
in Southeast Sweden, a prospective study on environmental factors
affecting development of immune-mediate
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221. |
0% - |
Pediatric Perspective on the Unique Vulnerability and Resilience of the
Embryo and the Child to Environmental Toxicants: The Importance of
Rigorous Research Concerning Age and Agent |
Authors:
Robert L. Brent, Susanne Tanski and Michael
Weitzman |
|
|
There is realistic concern about the impact of environmental
influences on the health of human populations. First, exposure to
environmental agents continues despite successes in reducing exposures
to known toxicants such as lead, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and
tobacco smoke. Second, there has been increasing concern about the cause
of autism and other neurodevelopmental problems and hypotheses that
environmental influences may play a role in the prevalence of these and
other such child
|
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|
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222. |
0% - |
How Environmental Hazards in Childhood Have Been Discovered:
Carcinogens, Teratogens, Neurotoxicants, and Others |
Authors:
Robert W. Miller |
|
|
Review of the literature reveals that environmental hazards cause
adverse health effects that include sterility, infertility,
embryotoxicity, low birth weight, skin lesions, neurodevelopmental
defects, immunologic disorders, cancer, and fear of late effects. They
have been identified mostly by astute practitioners but also by a
bacteriologist, an animal experimentalist, 5 factory workers in
childless marriages, and a tipsy bystander in an economically
impoverished area of Baltimore. Dust on a p
|
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223. |
0% - |
Risk Assessment and Child Health |
Authors:
Jonathan M. Samet |
|
|
Risk assessment, an approach for organizing information about
hazards to health, safety, and the environment, provides a framework for
gauging the threat to child health from environmental pollutants. A
qualitative risk assessment has 4 components: hazard identification,
dose–response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk
characterization. In a risk assessment, consideration can be given to a
population group that potentially has increased susceptibility, whether
arising from having a high
|
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|
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224. |
0% - |
Environmental Causes of Human Congenital Malformations: The
Pediatrician's Role in Dealing With These Complex Clinical Problems
Caused by a Multiplicity of Environmental and Genetic Factors
|
Authors:
Robert L. Brent |
|
|
There have been amazing advances in embryology, teratology,
reproductive biology, genetics, and epidemiology in the past 50 years
that have provided scientists and clinicians with a better perspective
on the causes of congenital malformations. We still cannot provide the
families of children with malformations a definitive diagnosis and cause
in every instance. The purpose of this article is to inform
pediatricians about environmental drugs, chemicals, and physical agents
that have been documen
|
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225. |
0% - |
Pediatric Pharmacokinetic Data: Implications for Environmental Risk
Assessment for Children |
Authors:
Gary Ginsberg, Dale Hattis, Richard Miller
and Babasaheb Sonawane |
|
|
Pharmacology and toxicology share a common interest in
pharmacokinetic data, especially as it is available in pediatric
populations. These data have been critical to the clinical
pharmacologist for many years in designing age-specific dosing regimens.
Now they are being used increasingly by toxicologists to understand the
ontogeny of physiologic parameters that may affect the metabolism and
clearance of environmental toxicants. This article reviews a wide range
of physiologic and metabolic fact
|
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|
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226. |
0% - |
Utilization of Animal Studies to Determine the Effects and Human Risks
of Environmental Toxicants (Drugs, Chemicals, and Physical Agents)
|
Authors:
Robert L. Brent |
|
|
Toxicology studies using animals and in vitro cellular or tissue
preparations have been used to study the toxic effects and mechanism of
action of drugs and chemicals and to determine the effective and safe
dose of drugs in humans and the risk of toxicity from chemical
exposures. Studies in pregnant animals are used to determine the risk of
birth defects and other reproductive effects. There is no question that
whole animal teratology studies are helpful in raising concerns about
the reproduct
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227. |
0% - |
Children's Behavior and Physiology and How It Affects Exposure to
Environmental Contaminants |
Authors:
Jacqueline Moya, Cynthia F. Bearer and Ruth
A. Etzel |
|
|
Infant, child, and adolescent exposures to environmental
toxicants are different from those of adults because of differences in
behavior and physiology. Because of these differences, there is the
potential for quantitatively different exposures at various stages of
development. Pediatricians are well aware of these behavioral and
physiologic differences from a clinical standpoint—namely, food and
water intake, soil ingestion, mouthing behavior, inhalation physiology,
and activity level—as they
|
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228. |
0% - |
Prenatal and Postnatal Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and
Children's Health |
Authors:
Joseph R. DiFranza, C. Andrew Aligne and
Michael Weitzman |
|
|
Children’s exposure to tobacco constituents during fetal
development and via environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure is
perhaps the most ubiquitous and hazardous of children’s environmental
exposures. A large literature links both prenatal maternal smoking and
children’s ETS exposure to decreased lung growth and increased rates of
respiratory tract infections, otitis media, and childhood asthma, with
the severity of these problems increasing with increased exposure.
Sudden infant death syndr
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229. |
0% - |
Lead |
Authors:
David C. Bellinger |
|
|
Children differ from adults in the relative importance of lead
sources and pathways, lead metabolism, and the toxicities expressed. The
central nervous system effects of lead on children seem not to be
reversible. Periods of enhanced vulnerability within childhood have not
consistently been identified. The period of greatest vulnerability might
be endpoint specific, perhaps accounting for the failure to identify a
coherent “behavioral signature” for lead toxicity. The bases for the
substantial
|
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230. |
0% - |
Mercury Exposure and Child Development Outcomes |
Authors:
Philip W. Davidson, Gary J. Myers, and
Bernard Weiss |
|
|
Mercury is ubiquitous in the global environment, ensuring
universal exposure. Some forms of mercury are especially neurotoxic,
including clinical signs at high doses. However, typical human exposures
occur at low to moderate doses. Only limited data about neurotoxicity at
low doses are available, and scientists differ in their interpretation.
Dose–response data on neurodevelopment are particularly limited. Despite
or perhaps because of the lack of sufficient or consistent scientific
data, public
|
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231. |
0% - |
Pesticides |
Authors:
Bernard Weiss, Sherlita Amler and Robert W.
Amler |
|
|
Pesticides are a broad group of heterogeneous chemicals that have
a significant public health benefit by increasing food production
productivity and decreasing food-borne and vector-borne diseases.
However, depending on the agent and the exposure, they may pose health
risks. Because of their behavior, acute accidental toxic exposures occur
more commonly in children. Because of the dietary habits and greater
intake of foods per kilogram in children and because some infants are
breastfed, there i
|
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232. |
0% - |
Air Pollution and Children’s Health |
Authors:
Joel Schwartz |
|
|
Children’s exposure to air pollution is a special concern because
their immune system and lungs are not fully developed when exposure
begins, raising the possibility of different responses than seen in
adults. In addition, children spend more time outside, where the
concentrations of pollution from traffic, powerplants, and other
combustion sources are generally higher. Although air pollution has long
been thought to exacerbate minor acute illnesses, recent studies have
suggested that air pollu
|
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233. |
0% - |
Effects of Environmental Exposures on the Cardiovascular System:
Prenatal Period Through Adolescence |
Authors:
Suzanne M. Mone, Matthew W. Gillman, Tracie
L. Miller, Eugene H. Herman and Steven E. Lipshultz |
|
|
Exposures to drugs, chemical and biological agents, therapeutic
radiation, and other factors before and after birth can lead to
pediatric or adult cardiovascular anomalies. Furthermore, nutritional
deficiencies in the perinatal period can cause cardiovascular anomalies.
These anomalies may affect heart structure, the conduction system, the
myocardium, blood pressure, or cholesterol metabolism. Developmental
periods before and after birth are associated with different types of
risks. The embryon
|
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234. |
0% - |
Environmental Causes of Central Nervous System Maldevelopment
|
Authors:
Patricia M. Rodier |
|
|
The central nervous system is the most vulnerable of all body
systems to developmental injury. This review focuses on developmental
processes by which the nervous system is formed and how those processes
are known or suspected to be injured by toxic agents. The processes
discussed are establishment of neuron numbers; migration of neurons;
establishment of connections, neurotransmitter activity, and receptor
numbers; deposition of myelin; and 2 processes that are prominent in
postnatal developm
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|
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235. |
0% - |
The Developing Kidney and Environmental Toxins |
Authors:
Michael J. Solhaug, Philip M. Bolger and
Pedro A. Jose |
|
|
The effects of environmental chemicals, drugs, and physical
agents on the developing kidney are influenced by the state of renal
development and maturation. The development of the kidney, the major
excretory organ after birth, consists of 3 stages: the pronephros, or
cervical kidney; mesonephros, or thoracic kidney; and metanephros, or
abdominal kidney, the definitive kidney. In humans, nephrogenesis and
organogenesis occur from the 6th to the 36th weeks of gestational age.
After 36 weeks, nephr
|
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236. |
0% - |
Enhanced Sensitivity of the Postnatal Lung to Environmental Insults and
Oxidant Stress |
Authors:
Jacob N. Finkelstein and Carl J. Johnston |
|
|
Examination of the current state of health in the United States
suggests that childhood lung diseases are increasing at an alarming
rate. Looking more closely at the data, it can be seen that this
increase is especially true for chronic respiratory diseases such as
allergic asthma. This is a disease that is thought to have its roots in
childhood insults. The demographics of the current wave of asthma and
other chronic lung diseases reveal that the incidence is highest among
children in polluted
|
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237. |
0% - |
Immunocompetence and Allergy |
Authors:
Stephen J. McGeady |
|
|
Developed nations are experiencing a marked increase in
prevalence of the familial allergic diseases including asthma, allergic
rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and allergic gastroenteropathy, which are
often called atopic diseases. No satisfactory explanation for this
epidemic is known, but it has been proposed that some facets of modern
life tend to bias immune responses away from the Th1 cellular immune
responses that protect against many infections and toward Th2 responses
that favor atopy. Ther
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|
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238. |
0% - |
Trends in Environmentally Related Childhood Illnesses |
Authors:
Tracey J. Woodruff, Daniel A. Axelrad, Amy D.
Kyle, Onyemaechi Nweke, Gregory |
|
|
Tracking incidence or prevalence of diseases and using that
information to target interventions is a well-established strategy for
improving public health. The need to track environmentally mediated
chronic diseases is increasingly recognized. Trends in childhood
illnesses are one element of a framework for children’s environmental
health indicators, which also includes trends in contaminants in the
environment and in concentrations of contaminants in bodies of children
and their mothers. This
|
|
|
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239. |
0% - |
The Current State of Knowledge About the Effects, Risks, and Science of
Children's Environmental Exposures |
Authors:
Robert L. Brent and Michael Weitzman |
|
|
In the preface to this supplement, we pointed out that
pediatricians and other clinicians have made major contributions to the
discovery of environmental toxicants. Many acute illnesses that are
caused by high exposures to some toxicants are clinically diagnosable or
at least are commonly in the differential diagnosis, eg, organophosphate
poisoning, infant botulism, acute lead encephalopathy, carbon monoxide
poisoning, acrodynia, hypervitaminosis A and some cases of aplastic
anemia, convulsions
|
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|
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240. |
0% - |
The Pediatrician’s Role and Responsibility in Educating Parents About
Environmental Risks |
Authors:
Robert L. Brent and Michael Weitzman |
|
|
Pediatricians are fully aware of the major environmental causes
of observable childhood morbidity and mortality (Table 1). It is also
important for pediatricians to be aware of the variety of parental
concerns regarding exposures to environmental chemicals. During their
training and practice, one of their tasks is to counsel and educate
parents on how to reduce or prevent the more common environmental risks
(Table 1), but they have to be knowledgeable about the presence of
environmental chemi
|
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|
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241. |
0% - |
Environmental Pediatrics and Its Impact on Government Health Policy
|
Authors:
Lynn Goldman, Henry Falk, Philip J.
Landrigan, Sophie J. Balk, J. Routt Reigart and Ruth A. Etzel |
|
|
Recent public recognition that children are different from adults
in their exposures and susceptibilities to environmental contaminants
has its roots in work that began >46 years ago, when the American
Academy of Pediatrics (APA) established a standing committee to focus on
children’s radiation exposures. We summarize the history of that
important committee, now the AAP Committee on Environmental Health,
including its statements and the 1999 publication of the AAP Handbook of
Pediatric Environme
|
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242. |
0% - |
The Endocrine and Reproductive System: Adverse Effects of Hormonally
Active Substances? |
Authors:
Helmut A. Greim |
|
|
Chemicals that have the intrinsic property to modulate or even
disrupt the endocrine system are present in the human environment.
Because it is the potency of such chemicals that determines the
toxicologic relevance, assessment of the risk to human health must
consider both the endocrine disrupting potential and the potency.
Usually in vitro assays are applied to detect the potential of a
hormone-like effect, and such data are considered useful to set
priorities for additional testing and for
|
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|
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243. |
0% - |
Lead Factsheet |
Authors:
U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Housing
and Lead Hazard Control |
|
|
Did you know...? Many homes built before 1978 have lead-based
paint? 3.8 million homes in the United States have peeling or chipping
lead-based paint or high levels of lead in dust? Infants, children under
six, and pregnant women should have their blood tested for lead? In the
United States, children from poor families are eight times more likely
to get lead poisoned? What is it? Lead is a toxic metal used in a
variety of products and materials. When lead is absorbed into the body,
it c
|
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245. |
0% - |
Home Safety Factsheet |
Authors:
U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Homes and
Lead Hazard Control |
|
|
Did you know...? Home accidents kill one person every 16 minutes
and injure one person every four seconds in the U.S.? More than 1.2
million poisonings among children under age 5 were reported to U.S.
poison control centers in 2002? Nearly 40,000 children under age 14 are
injured by fires each year? Home Safety includes preventing
unintentional injuries. Unintentional injuries in the home include
poisoning, fires and burns, choking, drowning, suffocation,
strangulation, firearms, and falls
|
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|
|
247. |
0% - |
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Factsheet |
Authors:
U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Homes and
Lead Hazard Control |
|
|
Did you know...? Over 500 people in the United States die from
accidental carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning each year? Over 10,000 people
seek medical attention for CO poisoning each year? Infants, people with
lung or heart disease, or people with anemia are more seriously
affected? What is it? Carbon monoxide is a gas that cannot be seen,
smelled or tasted, and can be fatal when breathed. The symptoms that
occur with carbon monoxide poisoning are similar to those of the flu and
allergies.
|
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|
|
249. |
0% - |
Radon Factsheet |
Authors:
U.S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Homes and
Lead Hazard Control |
|
|
Did you know...? Radon is the second leading cause of lung
cancer, after smoking? Approximately 20,000 cancer deaths each year are
caused by radon? What is it? Radon is a radioactive gas that cannot be
seen, smelled, or tasted and is found naturally around the country. When
you breathe air containing radon, the sensitive cells in your airway are
irritated, increasing your risk of getting lung cancer. Radon is found
in the dirt and rocks beneath houses, in well water, and in some
building mat
|
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|
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252. |
0% - |
Low-Level Environmental Lead Exposure and Children’s Intellectual
Function: |
Authors:
Bruce P. Lanphear, et.al. |
|
|
Lead is a confirmed neurotoxin, but questions remain about
lead-associated intellectual deficits at blood lead levels < 10 µg/dL
and whether lower exposures are, for a given change in exposure,
associated with greater deficits. The objective of this study was to
examine the association of intelligence test scores and blood lead
concentration, especially for children who had maximal measured blood
lead levels < 10 µg/dL. We examined data collected from 1,333 children
who participated in seven int
|
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|
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253. |
0% - |
Preventing Lead Poisoing in Young Children |
Authors:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
|
|
This is the fi fth revision of Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young
Children by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). As
with the previous statements, the recommendations presented here are
based on scientific evidence and practical considerations. This revision
accompanies a companion document, A Review of Evidence of Adverse Health
Effects Associated with Blood Lead Levels <10 µg/dL in Children,
developed by Advisory Committee on Lead Poisoning Prevention which
reviews the scient
|
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|
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255. |
0% - |
Lead Safe Yards: A Program for Improving Health in Urban Neighborhoods
|
Authors:
Jill S. Litt, H. Patricia Hynes, Paul
Carroll, Robert Maxfield, |
|
|
Childhood lead poisoning is one example of a contemporary
environmental health problem that has been treated and managed through
an array of environmental and biomedical interventions and prevention
strategies. It is an issue that has been a concern of public health
officials for decades and has been addressed quite successfully from a
national perspective. By eliminating two major sources of
exposure—leaded gasoline and leaded paint—blood lead levels for the
majority of Americans have dropped
|
|
|
|
256. |
0% - |
Emission of chemicals by air fresheners: Tests on 74 consumer products
sold in Europe |
Authors:
International Research and Testing |
|
|
The health and comfort of the occupants of a home depends heavily
on the quality of the air and the presence of pollutants. These
pollutants come from a multitude of sources, such as furniture, paints,
varnishes, cleaning products, glues, etc. In this document, we shall be
looking at polluting emissions from air fresheners. Laboratory tests
have been carried out at the initiative of BEUC (Bureau européen des
Unions de Consommateurs) by ICRT (International Consumer Research &
Testing) on air fres
|
|
|
|
257. |
0% - |
Environmental Pollutants and Disease in American Children: Estimates of
Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs for Lead Poisoning, Asthma, Cancer, and
Developmental Disabilities |
Authors:
Philip J. Landrigan, Clyde B. Schechter,
Jeffrey M Lipton, Marianne C. Fahs, Joel Schwartz |
|
|
In this study, we aimed to estimate the contribution of
environmental pollutants to the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and
costs of pediatric disease in American children. We examined four
categories of illness: lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and
neurobehavioral disorders. To estimate the proportion of each
attributable to toxins in the environment, we used an environmentally
attributable fraction (EAF) model. EAFs for lead poisoning, asthma, and
cancer were developed by panels of experts t
|
|
|
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258. |
0% - |
Association of Housing Disrepair Indicators with Cockroach and Rodent
Infestations in a Cohort of Pregnant Latina Women and Their Children
|
Authors:
Asa Bradman, Jonathan Chevrier, Ira Tager, et
al. |
|
|
Health burdens associated with poor housing and indoor pest
infestations are likely to affect young children in particular, who
spend most of their time indoors at home. We completed environmental
assessments in 644 homes of pregnant Latina women and their children
living in the Salinas Valley, California. High residential densities
were common, with 39% of homes housing > 1.5 persons per room. Housing
disrepair was also common: 58% of homes had peeling paint, 43% had mold,
25% had water damage
|
|
|
|
263. |
0% - |
Comparison of Home Lead Dust Reduction Techniques on Hard Surfaces: The
New Jersey Assessment of Cleaning Techniques Trial |
Authors:
David Q. Rich, George G. Rhoads, Lih-Ming
Yiin, et al. |
|
|
High efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) vacuums, which
collect particles > 0.3 µm, and trisodium phosphate (TSP), a detergent
claimed to selectively remove lead, have been included in the HUD
Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead Based Paint Hazards in
Housing without systematic validation of their effectiveness. At the
time the study was initiated, both HEPA vacuums and TSP were relatively
expensive, they were not readily found in urban retail centers, and
there were environme
|
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|
|
266. |
0% - |
Home and Allergic Characteristics of Children with Asthma in Seven U.S.
Urban Communities and Design of an Environmental Intervention: The
Inner-City Asthma Study |
Authors:
Ellen F. Crain, et al. |
|
|
Most published environmental remediation interventions have been
directed at single allergens and have employed demanding strategies; few
have been performed in the homes of inner-city children
disproportionately burdened by asthma. Our objective was a) to describe
the allergen sensitivities, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure,
and home environmental characteristics of a national sample of
inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma and b) to develop and
implement a multifaceted,
|
|
|
|
267. |
0% - |
Disturbing Behavor: Neurotoxic Effects in Children |
Authors:
Dan C. VanderMeer, Mike May |
|
|
An epidemic of neurobehavioral problems is sweeping through
children today. According to In Harm’s Way:Toxic Threats to Child
Development, a May 2000 report published by the Greater Boston
Physicians for Social Responsibility, 12 million American children
suffer from learning, developmental, or behavioral disabilities.
Specifically, these disabilities may include
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, learning
disabilities, mental retardation, and other neurobehavioral prob
|
|
|
|
273. |
0% - |
Personal exposure monitoring of particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide,
and carbon monoxide, including susceptible groups |
Authors:
R M Harrison, C A Thornton, R G Lawrence, D
Mark, R P Kinnersley and J G Ayres |
|
|
Aims: To investigate the relation between personal exposures to
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and PM10, and exposures estimated
from static concentrations of these pollutants measured within the same
microenvironments, for healthy individuals and members of susceptible
groups. Methods: Eleven healthy adult subjects and 18 members of groups
more susceptible to adverse health changes in response to a given level
of exposure to nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and/or PM10 than the
general
|
|
|
|
275. |
0% - |
An air pollution model for use in epidemiological studies: evaluation
with measured levels of nitrogin dioxide and benzene |
Authors:
Ole Raaschou-Nielsen, et al. |
|
|
The aim of the study was to evaluate the predictions derived from
the Danish Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) when the input data
are obtained by simple methods that could be used in large-scale
epidemiological studies. The model calculations were thus compared with
passive sampler measurements of nitrogen dioxide and benzene at 103
street locations in Copenhagen, Denmark, and at 101 locations in rural
areas. Data on traffic and street configuration were collected by means
of a simple r
|
|
|
|
277. |
0% - |
Parental smoking, bronchial reactivity and peak flow variability in
children |
Authors:
Derek G. Cook, David P. Strachan |
|
|
Background: A systematic quantitative review was conducted of the
evidence relating environmental tobacco smoke to bronchial
hyperresponsiveness (BHR) during childhood. Methods: Twenty nine
relevant studies were identified after consideration of 1593 articles
selected by electronic search of the Embase and Medline databases using
keywords relevant to passive smoking in children. The search was
completed in April 1997. Results: Of 19 studies using challenge tests in
children of school age, 10
|
|
|
|
278. |
0% - |
Advising parents of asthmatic children on passive smoking; randomised
controlled trial |
Authors:
Linda Irvine, et al. |
|
|
Objective: To investigate whether parents of asthmatic children
would stop smoking or alter their smoking habits to protect their
children from environmental tobacco smoke. Design: Randomised controlled
trial. Setting: Tayside and Fife, Scotland. Participants: 501 families
with an asthmatic child aged 2-12 years living with a parent who
smoked. Intervention: Parents were told about the impact of passive
smoking on asthma and were advised to stop smoking or change their
smoking habits to p
|
|
|
|
283. |
0% - |
Rethinking Environmental Peformance from a Public Health Perspective- A
Compartive Industry Analysis |
Authors:
Dinah A. Koehler, Deborah H. Bennett, Gregory
A. Norris, John D. Spengler |
|
|
To date the most common measures of environmental performance
used to compare industries, and by extension firms or facilities, have
been quantity of pollution emitted or hazardous waste generated.
Discharge information, however, does not necessarily capture potential
health effects. We propose an alternative environmental performance
measure that includes the public health risks of toxic air emissions
extended to industry supply chains using economic input-output
life-cycle assessment.
|
|
|
|
284. |
0% - |
The Association between Asthma and Allergic Symptoms in Children and
Phthalates in House Dust: A Nested Case–Control Study |
Authors:
Carl-Gustaf Bornehag, Jan Sundell, Charles J.
Weschler, Torben Sigsgaard, Björn Lundgren |
|
|
Global phthalate ester production has increased from very low
levels at the end of World War II to approximately 3.5 million metric
tons/year. The aim of the present study was to investigate potential
associations between persistent allergic symptoms in children, which
have increased markedly in developed countries over the past three
decades, and the concentration of phthalates in dust collected from
their homes. This investigation is a case–control study nested within a
cohort of 10,852 child
|
|
|
|
285. |
0% - |
Valuing Children’s Health: A Reassessment of the Benefits of Lower Lead
Levels |
Authors:
Randall Lutter |
|
|
Benefits to parents of lower lead levels in their children are
much less than federal regulatory agencies’ estimates of benefits, which
they compute as the expected discounted gains to children’s lifetime
earnings. Using earlier work by Agee and Crocker, I show benefits to
parents are between $1,100 and $1,900 per IQ point gained, or roughly
one-sixth of the benefits to children estimated by federal agencies. The
new estimates are superior insofar as they are based on observed
behavior. They al
|
|
|
|
287. |
0% - |
The United Kingdom Childhood Cancer Study of exposure to domestic
sources of ionising radiation: 1: radon gas |
Authors:
UK
Childhood Cancer Study Investigators |
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The UK Childhood Cancer Study (UKCCS) was specifically designed
to investigate the impact of a wide range of possible risk factors,
including exposure to naturally occurring ionising radiation (UKCCS
Investigators, 2000). The hypothesis was created partly because of
concerns expressed about the possibility that domestic levels of radon
gas and its decay products might prove to be a risk for the development
of leukaemia in both adults and children. Two distinct lines of
investigation had led to t
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289. |
0% - |
The Relationship between Blood Lead Levels and Periodontal Bone Loss in
the United States, 1988–1994 |
Authors:
Bruce A. Dye, Rosemarie Hirsch, and Debra J.
Brody |
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An association between bone disease and bone lead has been
reported. Studies have suggested that lead stored in bone may adversely
affect bone mineral metabolism and blood lead (PbB) levels. However, the
relationship between PbB levels and bone loss attributed to periodontal
disease has never been reported. In this study we examined the
relationship between clinical parameters that characterize bone loss due
to periodontal disease and PbB levels in the U.S. population. We used
data from the Thi
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290. |
0% - |
The Influence of Exterior Dust and Soil Lead on Interior Dust Lead
Levels in Housing That Had Undergone Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control
|
Authors:
Scott Clark, William Menrath, Mei Chen, Paul
Succop, Robert Bornschein, Warren Galke, and Jonathan Wilson |
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To aid in understanding the contribution of exterior dust/soil
lead to postintervention interior dust lead, a subset of housing from
the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program Evaluation was
selected for study. Housing from 12 state and local governments was
included. Exterior entry and street dust samples were obtained by a
vacuum method, and soil samples were building perimeter core composites.
Interior dust wipe lead data (µg/ft2) and paint lead data (mg/cm2) were
also available fo
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291. |
0% - |
The High Cost of Improper Removal of Lead-Based Paint from Housing: A
Case Report |
Authors:
David E. Jacobs, Howard Mielke, and Nancy
Pavur |
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The costs of lead-based paint hazard control in housing are well
documented, but the costs of cleanup after improper, inherently
dangerous, methods of removing lead-based paint are not. In this article
we report a case of childhood lead poisoning and document the costs of
decontamination after uncontained power sanding was used to remove paint
down to bare wood from approximately 3,000 ft2 of exterior siding on a
large, well-maintained 75-year-old house in a middle-income
neighborhood. After th
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292. |
0% - |
The Effects of Environmental Tobacco Smoke on Health Services
Utilization in the First Eighteen Months of Life |
Authors:
Tai-Hing Lam, Gabriel M. Leung and Lai-Ming
Ho |
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Objective. To examine the effects of environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS) on health services use in Chinese infants with nonsmoking mothers.
Design. Prospective, population-based birth cohort. Setting. General
population of Hong Kong in 1997–1998. Participants. A total of 8327
parent–infant pairs who were followed up for 18 months. Main Outcome
Measures. Doctor consultations and hospitalizations. Results. After
adjusting for the age, education level, and employment status of
mothers—as well as inf
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293. |
0% - |
The Effect of Interior Lead Hazard Controls on Children’s Blood Lead
Concentrations: A Systematic Evaluation |
Authors:
Erin Haynes, Bruce P. Lanphear, Ellen Tohn,
Nick Farr, and George G. Rhoads |
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Dust control is often recommended to prevent children’s exposure
to residential lead hazards, but the effect of these controls on
children’s blood lead concentrations is uncertain. We conducted a
systematic review of randomized, controlled trials of low-cost, lead
hazard control interventions to determine the effect of lead hazard
control on children’s blood lead concentration. Four trials met the
inclusion criteria. We examined mean blood lead concentration and
elevated blood lead concentratio
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294. |
0% - |
The Effect of Dust Lead Control on Blood Lead in Toddlers: A Randomized
Trial |
Authors:
George G. Rhoads, Adrienne S. Ettinger,
Clifford P. Weisel, Timothy J. Buckley, |
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Background. Contaminated household dust is believed to be a major
source of exposure for most children with elevated blood lead levels. To
determine if a vigorous dust clean-up effort would reduce this exposure
we conducted a randomized controlled field trial. Methods. We randomized
113 urban children between the ages of 6 and 36 months: 56 children to a
lead dust intervention composed of maternal education and biweekly
assistance with household cleaning and 57 children to a control group.
Hous
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301. |
0% - |
Residential Dust Lead Loading Immediately After Intervention in the HUD
Lead Hazard Control Grant Program |
Authors:
Sherry L. Dixon, Jonathan W. Wilson, Paul A.
Succop, Mei Chen, Warren A. Galke, William Menrath, and C. Scott Clark
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At the conclusion of most lead hazard control interventions in
federally assisted housing built before 1978, a certified clearance
examiner must verify that the lead hazard control work was completed as
specified and that the area is safe for residents, a process referred to
as clearance. This study explores the experience of 14 grantees
participating in the Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard
Control Grant Program in passing clearance. The study also considers how
preintervention lea
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305. |
0% - |
Preventing Lead Poisoning: U.S. Federal Policies and Current
Technologies |
Authors:
Barbara A. Haley, Peter J. Ashley
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Lead poisoning is the most common environmentally induced disease
among American children, and it is completely preventable. The term
"lead-based paint hazard" means any dust condition that causes exposure
to lead from lead-contaminated dust, lead-contaminated soil, or
deteriorated lead-based paint that would result in adverse human health
effects. The following is a bried description of the problem and the
federal policies that are intended to prevent lead poisoning, plus a
brief description of
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306. |
0% - |
Prevalence of Lead Dust Hazards Study: A Report for the Community
|
Authors:
Multnomah County Health Department |
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Indoor lead dust is a major cause of lead poisoning in children.
In this study, a screening procedure was used to measure the amount
oflead dust in 125 houses in North, Northeast, and Southeast Portland
that were built before 1930. Seventy-one percent of the houses had
composite lead dust levels that exceeded federal standards. These houses
may contain amounts of lead dust that could be hazardous to children and
adults.
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308. |
0% - |
Occurrence and determinants of increases in blood lead levels in
children shortly after lead hazard control activities |
Authors:
Scott Clark, JoAnn Grote, Jonathan Wilson,
Paul Succop, MeiChen, WarrenGalke, and Pat McLaine |
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Intervention was conducted as part of the US Department of
Housing and Urban Development’s Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant
Program. Fourteen state and local government grantees participated in
the evaluation. The ?ndings indicated an overall average reduction in
the blood lead levels of 869 children soon after the implementation of
lead hazard controls. However, 9.3% of these children (n¼81) had blood
lead increases of 5mg/dL or more. Data routinely collected as part of
the evaluation, as
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310. |
0% - |
National burden of disease in India from indoor air pollution
|
Authors:
Kirk R. Smith |
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In the last decade, a number of quantitative epidemiological
studies of speci?c diseases have been done in developing countries that
for the ?rst time allow estimation of the total burden of disease
(mortality and morbidity) attributable to use of solid fuels in adult
women and young children, who jointly receive the highest exposures
because of their household roles. Few such studies are available as yet
for adult men or children over 5 years. This paper evaluates the
existing epidemiological s
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311. |
0% - |
MRI and Neuropsychological Correlates of Carbon Monoxide Exposure:A Case
Report |
Authors:
Sherral A. Devine, Shalene M. Kirkley, Carole
L. Palumbo, Roberta F. White |
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|
A 45-year-old woman experienced long-term, chronic exposure to
carbon monoxide in the restaurant kitchen where she was employed as a
cook. After returning to the restaurant after 5 days off work, she
noticed that her symptoms returned immediately; she then aired out the
room and called the gas company. Approximately 6 hours after a leak was
detected, the patient went to the hospital, where her carboxyhemoglobin
was found to be within normal limits and results of a neurologic
examination were des
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313. |
0% - |
Lead-Based Paint Testing Technologies: Summary of an EPA/HUD Field Study
|
Authors:
R.L. Schmehla, D.C. Cox, F.G. Dewalta, M.M.
Haugen, R.A. Koyaka, J.G. Schwemberger Jr., J.V. Scalerab |
|
|
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department
of Housing and Urban Development sponsored a field study of portable
technologies for testing for lead in paint in three U.S. cities in 1993.
Six chemical test kits and six X-ray fluorescence instruments, which
represented the two main types of portable technologies available for
residential lead testing at that time, were evaluated. Painted building
components in single-family and multifamily housing units were selected
to assess
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314. |
0% - |
Medical Conditions Associated with Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Problems
|
Authors:
John J. Ouellette, M.D. |
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|
NNED ABSTRACT
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317. |
0% - |
Home and Allergic Characteristics of Children with Asthma in Seven U.S.
Urban Communities and Design of an Environmental Intervention: The
Inner-City Asthma Study |
Authors:
Ellen F. Crain, Michelle Walter, George T.
O’Connor, Herman Mitchell, Rebecca S. Gruchalla, Meyer Kattan, George S.
Malindzak, Paul Enright, Richard Evans III, Wayne Morgan, and James W.
Stout |
|
|
Most published environmental remediation interventions have been
directed at single allergens and have employed demanding strategies; few
have been performed in the homes of inner-city children
disproportionately burdened by asthma. Our objective was a) to describe
the allergen sensitivities, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure,
and home environmental characteristics of a national sample of
inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma and b) to develop and
implement a multifaceted,
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321. |
0% - |
Hazardous Air Pollutants and Asthma |
Authors:
George D. Leikauf |
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Asthma has a high prevalence in the United States, and persons
with asthma may be at added risk from the adverse effects of hazardous
air pollutants (HAPs). Complex mixtures (fine particulate matter and
tobacco smoke) have been associated with respiratory symptoms and
hospital admissions for asthma. The toxic ingredients of these mixtures
are HAPs, but whether ambient HAP exposures can induce asthma remains
unclear. Certain HAPs are occupational asthmagens, whereas others may
act as adjuncts dur
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323. |
0% - |
Epidemiologic Evidence for Asthma and Exposure to Air Toxics: Linkages
between Occupational, Indoor, and Community Air Pollution Research
|
Authors:
Ralph J. Delfino |
|
|
Outdoor ambient air and possibly the onset of asthma. However,
the complexity of pollutant mixtures and etiologicheterogeneity of
asthma has made it difficult to identify causal components in those
mixtures. Occupational exposures associated with asthma may yield clues
to causal components in ambient air pollution because such exposures are
often identifiable as single-chemical agents (e.g., metalcompounds).
However, translating occupational to community exposure–response
relationships is limite
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324. |
0% - |
Environmental allergen avoidance: An overview |
Authors:
Peyton A.Eggleston, and Robert K.Bush |
|
|
n 1999,the American Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology
published a position statement that recommended that physicians include
indoor allergen avoidance approaches as adjunctive therapy for patients
with chronic allergic asthma. This statement supported the development
of a public education process to increase general awareness of the role
of environmental allergens in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma.
Additionally, it recommended that patients with allergic asthma be given
practical a
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325. |
0% - |
Environmental Air Toxics: Role in Asthma Occurrence? |
Authors:
Gary L. Larsen, Craig Beskid, Lata
Shirname-More |
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|
The National Urban Air Toxics Research Center (NUATRC)hosted its
first scientific workshop in 1994 that focused on possible relationships
between air toxics and asthma. From that meeting came recommendations
for future research including a need for more complete individual
personal exposure assessments so that determinations of personal
exposures to pollutants could be made. In the spring of 2001, NUATRC
held a second such workshop to review progress made in this area during
the intervening 7 ye
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327. |
0% - |
Economic Gains Resulting from the Reduction in Children’s Exposure to
Leadin the United States |
Authors:
Scott D. Grosse, Thomas D. Matte, Joel
Schwartz, Richard J. Jackson |
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|
In this study, we quantify economic benefits from projected
improvements in worker productivity resulting from the reduction in
children’s exposure to lead in the United States since 1976. We
calculated the decline in blood lead levels (BLLs) from 1976 to 1999 on
the basis of nationally representative National Health and Nutrition
Examination Survey (NHANES) data collected during 1976 through 1980,
1991 through 1994, and 1999. The decline in mean BLL in 1- to 5-year-old
U.S. children from 1976–1
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330. |
0% - |
Does Housing Mobility Policy Improve Health? |
Authors:
Dolores Acevedo-Garcia, Theresa L. Osypuk,
Rebecca E. Werbel, Ellen R. Meara, David M. Cutler, Lisa F. Berkman |
|
|
This article summarizes the empirical evidence for the effect of
housing mobility policies on health outcomes. Our focus derived from our
interest in housing policies that might help reduce health disparities
and our finding that, excluding policies concerned with the physical
characteristics of housing (e.g., exposure to lead), only housing
mobility has been evaluated for its effects on health. We reviewed 13
articles dealing with five housing mobility studies and ranked them
according to their
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331. |
0% - |
Dermal Transfer Efficiency of Pesticides from New, Vinyl Sheet Flooring
to Dry and Wetted Palms |
Authors:
Jackie M. Clothier |
|
|
This report presents results of a study to determine the transfer
efficiencies from sheet vinyl flooring to human skin of three pesticides
commonly used for residential indoor insect control. Formulations of the
insecticides chlorpyrifos, pyrethrin I and piperonyl butoxide were
applied to new, sheet vinyl flooring by broadcast spray and allowed to
dry for four hours. Deposition coupons were used to estimate initial
surface loadings and the PUF Roller was to measure dislodgeable
residues. After t
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332. |
0% - |
Critical Windows of Exposure to Household Pesticides and Risk of
Childhood Leukemia |
Authors:
Xiaomei Ma, Patricia A. Buffler, Robert B.
Gunier, Gary Dahl, Martyn T. Smith, Kyndaron Reinier, and Peggy Reynolds |
|
|
The potential etiologic role of household pesticide exposures was
examined in the Northern California Childhood Leukemia Study. A total of
162 patients (0–14 years old) with newly diagnosed leukemia were rapidly
ascertained during 1995–1999, and 162 matched control subjects were
randomly selected from the birth registry. The use of professional pest
control services at anytime from 1 year before birth to 3 years after
was associated with a significantly increased risk ofchildhood leukemia
[odds
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334. |
0% - |
Blood lead levels following abatements study |
Authors:
Ralph Timperi, Mary Jean Brown, Harvey
George, Paul Hunter |
|
|
Objectives. This study will obtain quantitative estimates of
changes in blood lead levels of lead poisoned children who do not
receive chelation therapy and who reside in housing that undergoes lead
paint abatement; obtain estimates of changes in house dust lead levels
in abated housing units; evaluate factors that may effect changes in
blood or dust lead levels follwoing abatement. Methodology. This study
will use a cohort prospective design and measure blood lead (BPb) levels
in an interventio
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337. |
0% - |
Association of Asthma Symptoms with Peak Particulate Air Pollution and
Effect Modification by Anti-inflammatory Medication Use |
Authors:
Ralph J. Delfino, Robert S. Zeiger, James M.
Seltzer, Donald H. Street, and Christine E. McLaren |
|
|
Maxima of hourly data from outdoor monitors may capture adverse
effects of outdoor particulate matter (PM) exposures in asthmatic
children better than do 24-hr PM averages, which form the basis of
current regulations in the United States. Also, asthmatic children on
anti-inflammatory medications may be protected against the pro
inflammatory effects of air pollutants and aeroallergens. We examined
strengths of pollutant associations with asthma symptoms between
subgroups of asthmatic children who
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338. |
0% - |
Assessment of Cleaning to Control Lead Dust in Homes of Children with
Moderate Lead Poisoning: Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children
|
Authors:
Adrienne S. Ettinger, Robert L. Bornschein,
Mark Farfel, Carla Campbell, N. Beth Ragan, George G. Rhoads, Merrill
Brophy, Sherry Wilkins, and Douglas Dockery |
|
|
In this article we describe the assessment and control of lead
dust exposure in the Treatment of Lead-exposed Children (TLC) Trial, a
clinical trial of the effects of oral chelation on developmental end
points in urban children with moderately elevated blood lead levels. To
reduce potential lead exposure from settled dust or deteriorated paint
during the drug treatment phase of the trial, the homes of 765 (98%) of
the randomized children (both active and placebo drug treatment groups)
were profe
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340. |
0% - |
An Evaluation of One-Time Professional Cleaning in Homes with Lead-Based
Paint Hazards |
Authors:
Ellen R.Tohn, Sherry L. Dixon, Jonathan W.
Wilson, Warren A. Galke, and C. Scott Clark |
|
|
A key challenge in reducing the burden of lead poisoning is to
identify cost-effective interventions that minimize lead-based paint
hazards. One-time professional cleaning of lead-contaminated dust and
debris was conducted in 37 housing units with deteriorated lead-based
paint and dust lead hazards. These study units are a subset of a larger
cohort of the nearly 3500 housing units enrolled in the Evaluation of
the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program. Dust lead loading
measurements
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341. |
0% - |
Ambient Urban Baltimore Particulate-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness
and Inflammation in Mice |
Authors:
Dianne M. Walters, Patrick N. Breysse, and
Marsha Wills-Karp |
|
|
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is hypothesized to play a role
in increases in ashtma prevalence, although a casual relationship has
yet to be established. To investigate the effects of real-world PM
exposure on airway reactivity (AHR) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)
cellularity, we exposed naive mice to a single does (0.5 mg/mouse) of
ambient PM, coal fly ash, or diesel PM. We found that ambient PM
exposure induced increases in ARH and BAL cellularity, whereas diesel PM
induced significant in
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342. |
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