2.

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Working the bugs out of asthma

Authors: Carol Potera

Cockroach antigens (proteins found in the insects' feces, saliva, eggs, and shed cuticles) have been implicated as one of the leading causes of asthma among inner-city children. These antigens can trigger severe allergic reactions, and even tiny amounts can be potentially fatal to sensitive asthmatics. Cockroach allergies are particularly difficult to treat because the cockroach antigens are so persistent. The challenge lies in pinpointing the precise location of the antigens within a house

9.

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Fact Sheet on Rodents: Rats and Mice

Authors: Laurene Hall

Rats and mice will inhabit a variety of places including woodpiles, bushes, tall grasses, and underground burrows. They often find shelter in buildings, cars, appliances, and furniture that has been put outside. They are most attracted to garbage cans with loose lids, birdseed, pet food in pet dishes, and fruits and berries on the ground. Furthermore, compost bins containing meat, fish, poultry, or dairy wastes are rat magnets. Do not put these items in your compost. Once inside your home, rats

14.

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Integrated Pest Management in Housing

Authors: Sam Bryks

Most of us have the expectation of having “apparently” pest free homes – no creepy crawlies of any kind, no bugs or spiders or mice or anything that sneaks or creeps. This has always been a desire of people even when it was almost impossible in earlier historical periods. Pests have always played very significant roles in the human experience. Most of plagues mentioned in the Chapter Exodus from the Old Testament were pests of one form or other. These were often described as pestilence –

15.

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Contracts and Contractors - Integrated Pest Management in Housing

Authors: Toronto IPM Housing Contractors

Pest control contracts for housing (and especially in the public/nonprofit sector) have been no-win, low bid, “run and spray”, “what do you expect” low expectation, low-tech, necessary “evil” services until quite recently. “Evil” in the sense of it not being pleasant to have to have pesticides applied in one’s home, with this idea that “it’s safe to us, but will kill the roaches”. The lesser of two evils one might say… “What is worst? having the bugs? Or the odour of the spray for a short

16.

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Integrated Pest Management Kit For Building Managers

Authors: Brad Mitchell

What Is IPM? Traditional methods of pest control usually involves no more than periodic applications of pesticides. IPM is a common sense approach to pest management that uses a variety of methods to control pests. Chemical pesticides may be part of an IPM program. However, considerable effort is also put towards preventing pest problems by controlling conditions which may attract and support pests. IPM has been used successfully for many years in agriculture, and is increasingly being applied

17.

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Can Integrated Pest Management Impact Urban Children with Asthma?

Authors: Megan Sandel, et al.

Objective: To assess if an integrated pest management (IPM) program can impact pest infestation levels and the health of urban children with asthma Methods: Within a larger randomized controlled study in private and subsidized urban homes, all families who reported pest infestations were offered an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program consisting of an in-home education session about reducing pests, supplies to seal food and trash, and two treatments from a professional pest control service.

18.

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The Principals of Integrated Pest Management

Authors: The Principals of Integrated Pest Management

WHY USE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT? 1. IPM is the most effective method of controlling pests. 2. Pesticides may not always be the safest way to deal with pest problems. Studies having shown that children are at greater risk than adults to the effects of pesticide exposure. 3. Kids may crawl or play on surfaces that have been treated with pesticides, increasing their risk of exposure. 4. Getting organized, improving sanitation, and sealing buildings results in numerous benefits in addition to p

30.

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Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide No. 29 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in and Around Buildings

Authors: Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is defined in DoD Instruction 4150.7 as "a planned program,incorporating continuous monitoring, education, record-keeping, and communication to prevent pests and disease vectors from causing unacceptable damage to operations, people, property, materiel, or the environment. IPM uses targeted, sustainable(effective, economical, environmentally sound) methods including habitat, modification, biological control, genetic control, cultural control, mechanical control,

34.

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Sample Integrated Pest Management Specifications

Authors: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) & Dr. Stephen Franz

Provide integrated pest management services. Conduct IPM outreach and workshop sessions to educate tenant associations, landlords, superintendents, and other building and community residents about the availability of IPM services. Provide direct instruction to residents on apartment maintenance to sustain reduced infestation and improved safety and health. Submit detailed monthly reports on project status using a template provided by DOHMH. Cooperate with DOHMH on evaluating the process and eff

36.

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Vacuum dust sample collection protocol for allergens - For use by: HUD’s Healthy Homes Initiative Grantees

Authors: Alan Pate and Jessica Sanford

This protocol is intended for use by HUD’s Healthy Homes Initiative (HHI) grantees for collecting household dust samples for allergen analyses. Unlike traditional field sampling protocols, this protocol has flexibility built into it with the understanding that different grantees may have different goals and/or resource limitations that require a customized protocol to better suit their needs. As a result, some sections of this protocol describe a specific procedure to be followed whereas other s

38.

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National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing Final Report Volume I: Analysis of Lead Hazards

Authors: Robert P. Clickner, et al.

The National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing (referred to as the National Survey or NSLAH) was conducted under the sponsorship of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) to assess children's potential household exposure to lead and allergens. The National Survey measured the levels of lead in dust, soil, and paint, the prevalence of hazardous levels of lead, and levels and patterns of various indoor aller

39.

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How to use integrated pest management to uninvited residential pests

Authors: The New York State IPM Program

Integrated pest management, or IPM, is both a way of thinking and a way of acting in regard to pests. People who practice IPM try to prevent damage from pests or to manage them in ways that reduce risks to the environment and human health. To practice IPM, you don’t have to be an expert. This brochure is designed to help get you started with an understanding of insects, weeds, and other pests in and around your home.

40.

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Tips to Rid Your House of Insects and Rodents

Authors: Health Canada

Pests such as insects and rodents in the yard or home are often just a nuisance; however, some can damage food or possessions in your house. Simple preventive measures can stop most problems before they begin. Even when pests do get into the house, there is rarely a need to use pesticides. Simply removing their food supply and breeding sites is often the most effective control. Steps such as managing garbage so that it attracts fewer insects and animals, cleaning up spilled food, especially p

61.

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Should You Have the Air Ducts in Your Home Cleaned?

Authors: United States Environmental Protection Agency Indoor Environments Division

Knowledge about air duct cleaning is in its early stages, so a blanket recommendation cannot be offered as to whether you should have the air ducts in your home cleaned. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) urges you to read this document in its entirety as it provides important information on the subject. Duct cleaning has never been shown to actually prevent health problems. Neither do studies conclusively demonstrate that particle (e.g., dust) levels in homes increase because of di

64.

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Home Is Where the Harm Is: Inadequate Housing as a Public Health Crisis

Authors: Samiya A. Bashir

For many breadwinners of low-income families, going home at the end of a long workday can be a challenge, but it is a challenge they look forward to from the moment they arrive at work. The battle might begin with stepping off site into a city block filled with diesel exhaust. Perhaps a hard worker straps into a car for a fight with congested traffic on the long commute home, constantly alert to each potential danger the modern roadways present. Or maybe this breadwinner walks through the exha

65.

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A multihazard, multistrategy approach to home remediation: results of a pilot study

Authors: Susan klitzman, Jack Caravanos, Candice Belanoff and Laura Rothenberg

Many residential hazards are disproportionately concentrated in older, urban dwellings and share common underlying causes, such as uncorrected moisture problems and inadequate maintenance and cleaning. Comprehensive and affordable approaches to remediation are needed, but the feasibility and efficacy of such approaches has not been well documented. To address this gap, a multihazard, multimethod intervention, addressing deteriorated lead-based paint and lead dust, vermin, mold, and safety hazard

76.

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The Influence of House Characteristics in a Canadian Community on Microbiological Contamination

Authors: Mark D. Lawton, Robert E. Dales and Jim White

Fifty-nine houses in the small Canadian community of Wallaceburg, 39 with high levels of biologically active contaminants and 20 with low levels, were subjected to detailed field inspections: testing to determine house-operating parameters; monitoring of indoor environmental conditions; and simulating to predict the condensation formation potential under winter conditions. It was found that low air leakage and natural ventilation were not associated with higher levels of mold growth, as measured

85.

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Short-term Impact of a Randomized Multifaceted Intervention for Wheezing Infants in Low-income Families

Authors: Mary D. Klinnert, et al.

Objective: To present an interim analysis of the effect of a home-based intervention with low-income caregivers of wheezing infants at risk for childhood asthma on mediating variables. Method: Infants aged 9 to 24 months with 3 or more physician-documented wheezing episodes were randomly assigned to environmental support intervention (ES) (n=90) or control (n=91) groups. Nurse home visitors intervened for 1 year to decrease allergen and environmental tobacco smoke exposure and improve symptom

87.

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Domestic allergens in public places III: house dust mite, cat, dog and cockroach allergens in British hospitals

Authors: A. Custovic, et al.

BACKGROUND: Exposure and sensitization to indoor allergens is a major cause of asthma. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the levels of house dust mite, cat, dog and cockroach allergens in the dust and air in hospitals and the effects of regular vacuum cleaning on allergen levels in hospital chairs. METHODS: Der p 1, Fel d 1, Can f 1 and Bla g 2 were measured in the dust collected by vacuuming upholstered chairs and a 1 m2 area of carpet and mattress in 14 hospitals. Air samples were collected

88.

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Asthma in the Elderly: Cockroach Sensitization and Severity of Airway Obstruction in Elderly Nonsmokers

Authors: Linda Rogers, et al.

Study objectives: To test the hypothesis that the presence of sensitization to indoor allergens is associated with increased severity of airway obstruction in elderly subjects with asthma. Design: Cohort study of subjects enrolled in a public hospital asthma clinic. Setting: Asthma clinic in a municipal public hospital serving an indigent population in New York City. Patients: Subjects aged > 60 years with asthma who were enrolled in the Bellevue Hospital Asthma Clinic. Total serum IgE and al

92.

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Clinical effects of air cleaners in homes of asthmatic children sensitized to pet allergens

Authors: Sicco van der Heide

Background: Exposure to cat and dog allergens is very common in the Western World and is a serious cause of asthma in sensitized subjects. Objective:We sought to study the clinical effects of air cleaners in living rooms and bedrooms of asthmatic children sensitized to cat or dog allergens. Methods: Twenty asthmatic children sensitized to pet allergens (cat/dog) and with an animal at home participated in a doubleblind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study in which the effects of air cleaners

93.

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Environmental factors influencing the development and progression of pediatric asthma

Authors: Erika von Mutius

Recent data underscore the importance of environmental factors in the sensitization of children to certain allergens and the development of asthma. Maternal smoking and family (especially maternal) history of atopy appear to be risk factors for persistent sensitization and development of asthma. Indeed, exposure to tobacco smoke in utero significantly increases asthma risk and influences the timing of sensitization. It must be stated that any smoking at home has consequences for the development

94.

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Assessment of vacuum cleaners and vacuum cleaner bags recommended for allergic subjects

Authors: John W.Vaughan, Judith A.Woodfolk, and Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills

Background: High-quality vacuum cleaners and vacuum cleaner bags are often recommended to allergic patients as a means of reducing indoor allergen exposure. A number of vacuum cleaners on the market today claim to capture 99.9% of particles 0.3 µm or larger entering the vacuum cleaner, and many vacuum cleaner bags are now being sold as microfiltration bags. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the allergen-trapping abilities of vacuum cleaners and to use a new technique for test

95.

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Four-year incidence of allergic sensitization among schoolchildren in a community where allergy to cat and dog dominates sensitization: Report from the Obstructive Lung Disease in Northern Sweden Study Group

Authors: Eva Rönmark, Matthew Perzanowski, Thomas Platts-Mills and Bo Lundbäck

Background: Exposure to high levels of cat allergen might prevent sensitization. Objective:We sought to measure the incidence of allergic sensitization among schoolchildren living in a dust mite– and cockroach-free environment and the associated risk factors. Methods: In 1996, a longitudinal cohort was established in northern Sweden, including 2454 children aged 7 to 8 years. Children were skin tested, and the testing was repeated 4 years later. Questionnaires were completed yearly. Particip

96.

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The prevalence of rat allergen in innercity homes and its relationship to sensitization and asthma morbidity

Authors: Tamara Perry, et al.

Background: Rat allergen has proved to be an important cause of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in the occupational setting. The prevalence and significance of rat allergen in homes has not been studied. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of rat allergen in the homes of inner-city children with asthma and to examine the relationship between rat allergen exposure, sensitization, and asthma morbidity. Methods:We developed a new monoclonal-based ELISA to determine

97.

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House dust mite and cockroach exposure are strong risk factors for positive allergy skin test responses in the Childhood Asthma Management Program

Authors: Karen Huss, et al.

Background: Children with asthma have a high prevalence of environmental allergies, especially to indoor allergens. The relationships of exposure to indoor allergens (dust mites, cat, dog, cockroach, and molds) and other host factors to allergy sensitization have not been evaluated simultaneously in a large cohort. Objectives:We studied 1041 children aged 5 to 12 years with mild-to-moderate asthma to determine risk factors associated with having positive allergy skin test responses to indoor al

98.

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The role and remediation of animal allergens in allergic diseases

Authors: Martin D. Chapman and Robert A.Wood,

Animal allergens are common causes of both acute and chronic allergic disease. The most important animal allergens are derived from mammals, principally cats, dogs, rats, mice, horses, and cows, which secrete or excrete allergens into the environment. Allergic sensitization may occur at home or in the workplace. Cat and dog allergens commonly cause allergies in the home and affect the general population. Laboratory animal handlers often have allergic reactions to rats and mice. Cow dander aller

99.

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The Canadian Childhood Asthma Primary Prevention Study: Outcomes at 7 years of age

Authors: Moira Chan-Yeung, et al.

Background: Avoidance of any one of the individual risk factors associated with childhood asthma has not been successful in preventing its development. Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention program for the primary prevention of asthma in high-risk infants at 7 years of age. Methods: Five hundred forty-five high-risk infants with an immediate family history of asthma and allergies were prospectively randomized into intervention or

100.

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Current reviews of allergy and clinical immunology

Authors: L. Karla Arruda, et al.

Asthma and allergy are the most common diseases associated with cockroach infestation of houses in the United States and other parts of the world. Sensitization and exposure to cockroach allergens is associated with increased asthma morbidity in the United States, especially among lower socioeconomic groups, including African American and Hispanic populations. Exposure to cockroach allergens in the first 3 months of life has been associated with repeated wheezing and asthma. The principal domes

101.

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Reducing relative humidity is a practical way to control dust mites and their allergens in homes in temperate climates

Authors: Larry G. Arlian, et al.

Background: Maintaining a relative humidity (RH) of less than 50% is one recommendation for reducing numbers of house dust mites and their allergens in homes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether, in a humid temperate climate, indoor RH could be sufficiently lowered to control dust mites and their allergens. Methods: During a period spanning 2 humid summers (May 1998 to October 1999), dust mite and allergen densities were determined in 3 groups of homes. One group (lo

102.

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Abatement of cockroach allergens (Bla g 1 and Bla g 2) in low-income, urban housing: Month 12 continuation results

Authors: Samuel J. Arbes, et al.

Background: In the first 6 months of this previously published, randomized trial, the combined intervention of occupant education, insecticide bait application, and professional cleaning significantly reduced cockroach numbers and Bla g 1 allergen levels in inner-city homes. Objective: This continuation study investigated whether the cockroach allergen reductions achieved by month 6 could be maintained through month 12 with insecticide application alone. Methods: Because we had agreed to plac

103.

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Abatement of cockroach allergen (Bla g 1) in low-income, urban housing: A randomized controlled trial

Authors: Samuel J. Arbes, et al.

Background: Clinically relevant reductions in exposure to cockroach allergen, an important risk factor for asthma in inner-city households, have proven difficult to achieve in intervention trials. Objective: This study investigated a method for the abatement of cockroach allergen in low-income, urban homes. The goal was to reduce mean Bla g 1 concentrations below the previously proposed thresholds for allergic sensitization and asthma morbidity. Methods: A prerandomized, nonmasked trial with 1

104.

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Early exposure to allergen: Is this the cat’s meow, or are we barking up the wrong tree?

Authors: Andrea J. Apter

Several recent studies have suggested that exposure to cat and dog allergen in infancy is protective against the subsequent risk of allergic sensitization and asthma. The methodologic problems to be overcome in clinical research addressing these hypotheses are complex. Appreciation of these studies requires an assessment of the design and adequacy of variables measuring exposures, outcomes, and confounders. It includes understanding the role of effect modification. This article discusses some o

105.

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Evaluation of materials used for bedding encasement: Effect of pore size in blocking cat and dust mite allergen

Authors: John W.Vaughan, et al.

Background: Mattress and pillow encasings are recommended for patients allergic to dust mites. Many encasements block allergen and are vapor permeable but do not allow free passage of air through the material. Recently, breathable fabrics made from tightly woven synthetic fibers or nonwoven synthetics have been recommend as encasements. Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a method for testing encasement materials made of breathable fabrics. Methods: Dust samples containing a k

106.

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Quantitation of the major fungal allergens, Alt a 1 and Asp f 1, in commercial allergenic products

Authors: Lisa Vailes, et al.

Background: Alternaria is one of the most important fungi associated with allergic disease, whereas Aspergillus fumigatus is involved in a broad spectrum of pulmonary diseases. Currently, fungal extracts used for diagnosis in the United States are unstandardized, and their allergenic content cannot be compared directly. Objective: The goal of this study was to compare the variability of major allergen levels among US allergenic products derived from fungi: specifically, Alt a 1 levels in Altern

107.

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Mite allergen (Der p 1) is not only carried on mite feces

Authors: Sandra De Lucca, Richard Sporik, Timothy J. O’Meara and Euan R.Tovey

Exposure to allergens derived from house dust mites (eg, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) is considered an important factor in the development and exacerbation of asthma. In cultures, more than 95% of mite allergen Der p 1 was associated with mite feces (mean diameter of 22 ± 6 mm; range, 10 to 40 mm).1 Domestic air sampling in bedrooms during dust disturbance showed that greater than 80% of detectable Der p 1 was associated with particles larger than 10 mm and only a small proportion with parti

108.

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House dust mite allergen in US beds: Results from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing

Authors: Samuel J. Arbes, et al.

Background: Although exposure to house dust mite allergen is a major risk factor for allergic sensitization and asthma, nationwide estimates of dust mite allergen levels in US homes have not been reported. Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of dust mite allergen in beds of US homes and to identify predictors of dust mite allergen concentration. Methods: Data were obtained from the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, a cross-sectional survey

109.

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The role of intervention in established allergy: Avoidance of indoor allergens in the treatment of chronic allergic disease

Authors: Thomas A. E. Platts-Mills, John W.Vaughan, Melody C. Carter and Judith A. Woodfolk

Avoidance of exposure to indoor allergens is an important element in the treatment of allergic disease. The results of several studies provide strong evidence in support of a role for allergen avoidance; however, strategies that optimize allergen reduction in houses have not been determined. Complex issues regarding the efficacy of physical and chemical measures that target house dust mite, pet, and cockroach allergens in the home are discussed. The greatest challenge is to educate allergic pa

110.

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Mouse allergen. II. The relationship of mouse allergen exposure to mouse sensitization and asthma morbidity in inner-city children with asthma

Authors: Wanda Phipatanakul, Peyton A. Eggleston, Elizabeth C.Wright, Robert A.Wood and the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study

Background: Although mouse allergen is known to cause occupational asthma in laboratory workers, its potential significance in home environments has never been studied. Objective: This study was designed to define the prevalence of mouse sensitivity and its relationship to mouse allergen exposure and disease activity in inner-city children with asthma. Methods: A subset of 499 subjects from the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study had dust samples adequate for mouse allergen analys

111.

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The prevalence of rat allergen in innercity homes and its relationship to sensitization and asthma morbidity

Authors: Tamara Perry, Elizabeth Matsui and Barry Merriman

Background: Rat allergen has proved to be an important cause of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity in the occupational setting. The prevalence and significance of rat allergen in homes has not been studied. Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of rat allergen in the homes of inner-city children with asthma and to examine the relationship between rat allergen exposure, sensitization, and asthma morbidity. Methods:We developed a new monoclonal-based ELISA to determine

113.

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Exposure to cockroach allergen in the home is associated with incident doctordiagnosed asthma and recurrent wheezing

Authors: Augusto A. Litonjua, Vincent J. Carey, Harriet A. Burge, Scott T. Weiss, and Diane R. Gold

Background: Indoor inhaled allergens have been repeatedly demonstrated to worsen asthma in sensitized individuals, but their role in incident asthma is more controversial. Objective:We investigated the relationship between exposure to allergens (dust mite, cat, and cockroach) measured in the home and incident doctor-diagnosed asthma and recurrent wheezing in children born to parents with asthma, allergies, or both. Methods: From an ongoing longitudinal family and birth cohort study, we identif

114.

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Quantitative assessment of exposure to dog (Can f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens: Relation to sensitization and asthma among children living in Los Alamos, New Mexico

Authors: Jim M. Ingram, et al.

Background: Our objective was to identify the allergens associated with asthma among schoolchildren in an area of the United States where dust mite growth is expected to be poor. Los Alamos, N.M., was chosen because it has low rainfall and is at high altitude (7200 feet), making it very dry. One hundred eleven children (12 to 14 years old) from the middle school who had been previously classified according to bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine (BHR) were studied. Methods: Sera were assayed

115.

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Results of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study (NCICAS) environmental intervention to reduce cockroach allergen exposure in inner city homes

Authors: Peter J. Gergen, et al.

Background: Cockroach allergen is important in asthma. Practical methods to reduce exposure are needed. Objective:We sought to evaluate the effectiveness of house cleaning and professional extermination on lowering cockroach antigen levels in inner-city dwellings. Methods: As part of the National Cooperative Inner-City Asthma Study intervention, 265 of 331 families with asthmatic children who had positive skin test responses to cockroach allergen consented to a professional home extermination

116.

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Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: reference range concentrations

Authors: Robert H. Hill, Jr., et al.

We measured 12 analytes in urine of 1000 adults living in the United States to establish reference range concentrations for pesticide residues. We frequently found six of these analytes: 2,5-dichlorophenol (in 98% of adults); 2,4-dichlorophenol (in 64%); 1-naphthol (in 86%); 2-naphthol (in 81%); 3,5,6- trichloro-2-pyridinol (in 82%); and pentachlorophenol (in 64%). The 95th percentile concentration (95th PC) for 2,5-dichlorophenol (indicative of p-dichlorobenzene exposure) was 790 micrograms/lit

117.

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Reduction of Airborne Particles in Houses With Occupants Having Respiratory Ailments

Authors: Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation

An expanding body of public health research has identified airborne particles as a cause of respiratory ailments.A number of studies have examined the concentration of fine particles in indoor air and the incidence of respiratory complications. In these studies,the average concentration over the period of one or more days was considered. Little attention has been paid, however, to variation in concentration over shorter time scales, such as over the course of a day.This can be investigated by

118.

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Curbing cockroaches and their allergens

Authors: Tara Weaver

Focuses on how Richard J. Brenner, an entomologist at the United States (US) Agricultural Research Service (ARS), is working on innovative strategies and tools to eliminate cockroaches. Social and health problems caused by the pest; Most troublesome species of cockroaches in the US; Development of a cockroach allergen detection; Some of Brenner's other cooperative research projects that are focused on tackling social and health implications of cockroaches. Agricultural Research; Jun98, Vol. 46 I

121.

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Distribution of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid in Floor Dust throughout Homes Following Homeowner and Commercial Lawn Applications: Quantitative Effects of Children, Pets, and Shoes

Authors: Marcia G. Nishioka, Hazel M. Burkholder, Marielle C. Brinkman, and Robert G. Lewis

Transport of lawn-applied 2,4-D into 13 actual homes was measured following both homeowner and commercial application of this herbicide to residential lawns. Collection of floor dust in five rooms of each house, corresponding to an entryway, living room, dining room, kitchen, and a child’s bedroom, both prior to and after application, indicated that turf residues are transported indoors and that the gradient in 2,4-D dust loading (íg/m2) through the house follows the traffic pattern from the ent

122.

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Phthalates, Alkylphenols, Pesticides, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Other Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds in Indoor Air and Dust

Authors: Ruthann A. Rudel, David E. Camann, John D. Spengler, Leo R. Korn, and Julia G. Brody

Chemicals identified as endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) have widespread consumer uses, yet little is known about indoor exposure. We sampled indoor air and dust in 120 homes, analyzing for 89 organic chemicals identified as EDCs. Fifty-two compounds were detected in air and 66 were detected in dust. These are the first reported measures in residential environments for over 30 of the compounds, including several detected at the highest concentrations. The number of compounds detected per h

123.

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Chlordanes in the Indoor and Outdoor Air of Three U.S. Cities

Authors: John H. Offenberg

Indoor and outdoor concentrations of six chlordane components ( trans-chlordane, cis-chlordane, transnonachlor, cis-nonachlor, oxychlordane, and MC5) were measured at 157 residences, all of which were inhabited by nonsmoking individuals, in three urban areas during June 1999-May 2000. The analyses were conducted on a subset of 48 h integrated samples collected in Los Angeles County, CA, Houston, TX, and Elizabeth, NJ within the Relationship of Indoor, Outdoor, and Personal Air (RIOPA) study. B

124.

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Measuring Transport of Lawn-Applied Herbicide Acids from Turf to Home: Correlation of Dislodgeable 2,4-D Turf Residues with Carpet Dust and Carpet Surface Residues

Authors: Marcia G. Nishioka, Hazel M. Burkholder, Marielle C. Brinkman, and Sydney M. Gordon, Robert G. Lewis

Transport of lawn-applied herbicides into the home via walking over treated turf, defined here as track-in, was measured at five different times out to 1 week after application. Residues of turf-applied 2,4-D and dicamba were measured in carpet dust and on the carpet surface after track-in. Both carpet dust levels and carpet surface dislodgeable residue levels were highly correlated with turf dislodgeable residue levels. Turf dislodgeable residues were 0.1-0.2% of turf application levels. Trans

125.

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Effect of environmental intervention on mouse allergen levels in homes of inner-city Boston children with asthma

Authors: Wanda Phipatanakul, et al.

Background: Recent studies have suggested that mouse allergen exposure and sensitization are common in urban children with asthma. The effectiveness of environmental intervention in reducing mouse allergen exposure has not been established. Objective: To evaluate whether environmental intervention of mouse extermination and cleaning results in a reduction in mouse allergen levels. Methods: Eighteen homes of children with positive mouse allergen skin test results and at least mild persistent as

126.

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Association of recurrent wheezing with sensitivity to cockroach allergen in

Authors: Michelle J. De Vera, Sol Drapkin and James N. Moy

Background: There are numerous data that show a strong relationship between early exposure and sensitization to indoor allergens and the development of asthma and persistent wheezing in children. Most studies, however, have only examined the prevalence of allergy in children who have been identified as having asthma. Objective: To assess the prevalence of positive skin test results to common inhaled allergens and possible association with wheezing in inner-city children being seen in a general

128.

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Cockroach allergen abatement with extermination and sodium hypochlorite cleaning in inner-city homes

Authors: Robert A. Wood, et al.

Background: Although the importance of cockroach allergen in chronic asthma has now been well defined, little progress has been made in the control of cockroach allergen in infested homes. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the ability of a combination of professional pest extermination and household cleaning using a solution of sodium hypochlorite to reduce cockroach infestation and allergen levels in cockroach infested homes. Methods: Seventeen cockroach-infested homes we

129.

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Asthma severity, atopic status, allergen exposure, and quality of life in elderly persons

Authors: K. Huss, et al.

Background: Although asthma can be associated with significant airflow obstruction in those over the age of 65, it is often underdiagnosed and undertreated. Objective: To describe severity of asthma, allergy skin test sensitivities, indoor allergen exposures, and the impact on quality of life (QOL) and health status in elderly persons with asthma. Methods: A cross-sectional data analysis with 80 elderly persons with asthma recruited from medical, geriatric, and allergy/immunology tertiary care

130.

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Symptoms of wheeze and persistent cough in the first year of life: associations

Authors: Kathleen Belanger, et al.

In a cohort of 849 infants with an asthmatic sibling, the authors examined the relations of exposure to allergens (dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog), nitrogen dioxide, and mold with symptoms of wheeze and persistent cough in the first year of life (1998–2000). Among infants whose mothers had physician-diagnosed asthma, neither dust mite allergen nor dog allergen was associated with either symptom. Exposure to cockroach allergen (Bla g 1 at ?2 U/g) modestly increased the risk for wheeze (odds r

131.

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A Placebo-controlled Trial of a HEPA Air Cleaner in the Treatment of Cat Allergy

Authors: Robert A. Wood

To evaluate the effect of a room high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) cleaner on cat-induced asthma and rhinitis, 35 cat-allergic subjects who were living with one or more cats were studied in a doubleblind, lacebo controlled trial. After a 1 mo baseline period, subjects’ bedrooms were equipped with an active or placebo air cleaner for the following 3 mo. Evaluations included monthly measurement of cat-allergen levels, daily morning, afternoon, and nighttime nasal- and chest-symptom scores,

133.

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Limitations of a Home Characteristics Questionnaire as a Predictor of Indoor Allergen Levels

Authors: Ginger L. Chew, at al.

We examined associations between reported home characteristics and levels of indoor allergens in 499 homes of a birth cohort of children of allergic /asthmatic families from the Boston area. The risk of having dust mite allergen (Der f1 or Der p1)>2mg/g on the bedroom floor was highest in houses, but 16% of apartments had levels this high. Compared with that from smooth floors, dust from carpeted bedroom floors had 2.1 times the risk of dust mite allergen >10mg/g, but levels exceeded 2mg/g in 3

138.

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Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce house dust mite allergen levels in children’s beds

Authors: S. Mihrshahi, et al.

Background: In temperate climates, exposure to house dust mite (HDM) allergens is the strongest environmental risk factor for childhood asthma. Environmental modifications to limit exposure have the potential to reduce the prevalence of asthma. The aim of this study was to reduce allergen exposure for children at high risk of developing asthma. Methods: A total of 616 pregnant women were randomized to HDMinterven - tion and control groups. The control group had no special recommendations wher

139.

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Monthly measurements of indoor allergens and the influence of housing type in a northeastern US city

Authors: G.L. Chew, K.M. Higgins, D.R. Gold, M.L. Muilenberg, H.A. Burge

Background: We examined seasonal variation of dust-mite (Der f 1 and Der p 1), cat (Fel d 1), and cockroach (Bla g 1) allergens in Boston, while adjusting for other covariates. Limited data are available on seasonal patterns of indoor allergen concentrations for different geographic regions in the USA. Understanding within-home seasonal variation of allergens is important epidemiologically and clinically. Methods: From June 1995 to June 1996, dust samples were vacuumed monthly from the bed, bed

140.

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Housing and Health: Time Again for Public Health Action

Authors: James Krieger and Donna L. Higgins

Poor housing conditions are associated with a wide range of health conditions, including respiratory infections, asthma, lead poisoning, injuries, and mental health. Addressing housing issues offers public health practitioners an opportunity to address an important social determinant of health. Public health has long been involved in housing issues. In the 19th century, health officials targeted poor sanitation, crowding, and inadequate ventilation to reduce infectious diseases as well as fire

150.

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Rodent Control in Urban Areas - An Interdisciplinary Approach

Authors: A. Soula Lambropoulos, et al.

In 1992, Baltimore Mayor Kurt L. Schmoke created the Rodent Control Committee to combat the increasing Norway rat population in Baltimore City. Following a pilot project, programs were conducted in two sections of the city from which high numbers of rat complaints had been reported. These three-month programs attached the rodent problem via an integrated pest management approach that emphasized public education by trained community leaders and health department workers, increased community clean

151.

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Measuring Integrated Pest Management Programs for Public Buildings

Authors: Albert Greene and Nancy L. Breisch

Integrated pest management (IPM) tends to be perceived by different stakeholder groups either as a methodology for effective pest control or as an ideology of responsible environmental stewardship. The IPM process has never been subjected to a rigorous empirical test as a control methodology in buildings; published studies have either tested isolated program components or have presented uncontrolled, sequential descriptions of IPM replacing traditional pest control service procedures. Because i

167.

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Detection of inhaled cat allergen

Authors: Timothy J. O'Meara, et al.

Measuring personal exposure to airborne allergens is important in understanding the association between asthma and allergen exposure. [1] Personal exposure to cat allergen (Fel d 1) is likely to involve a more complex pattern of exposure than indicated by either reservoir dust or long-term air Fel d 1 concentrations. [2,3] An additional limitation of current methods of air sampling is that the quantity of allergen recovered is low compared with the sensitivity of detection methods. We have devel

169.

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Exposure to cat allergen, maternal history of asthma, and wheezing in the first 5 years of life

Authors: Juan C Celedón, et al.

We looked for an association between early exposure to pets and asthma and wheezing in children whose mothers or fathers did or did not have a history of asthma. We followed up 448 children, who had at least one parent with a history of atopy, from birth to 5 years. Among children whose mothers had no history of asthma, exposure to a cat or a Fel d 1 concentration of at least 8

170.

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Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle

Authors: Johan S Alm, Jackie Swartz, Gunnar Lilja, Annika Scheynius, Göran Pershagen

Background: Increased prevalence of atopic disorders in children may be associated with changes in types of childhood infections, vaccination programmes, and intestinal microflora. People who follow an anthroposophic way of life use antibiotics restrictively, have few vaccinations, and their diet usually contains live lactobacilli, which may affect the intestinal microflora. We aimed to study the prevalence of atopy in children from anthroposophic families and the influence of an anthroposophi

171.

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House dust levels of selected insecticides and a herbicide measured by the EL and LWW samplers and comparisons to hand rinses and urine metabilites

Authors: P. J. Lioy, et al.

During the Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES), comparisons were made between the insecticide/herbicide loadings obtained with two household dust/insecticide or herbicide samplers: the Edwards and Lioy (EL) press sampler (used for dust collection from carpets or other surfaces) and the Lioy, Wainman and Weisel (LWW) surface wipe sampler. The results were compared with hand rinse levels, and urine metabolite levels obtained from 102 children (ages 3-13). All measurements were m

173.

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Aggregate exposures of nine preschool children to persistent organic pollutants at day care and at home

Authors: Nancy K. Wilson, Jane C. Chuang, Christopher Lyu , Ronald Menton, and Marsha K. Morgan

In the summer of 1997, we measured the aggregate exposures of nine preschool children, aged 2–5 years, to a suite of organic pesticides and other persistent organic pollutants that are commonly found in the home and school environment. The children attended either of two child day care centers in the Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill area of North Carolina and were in day care at least 25 h/week. Over a 48-h period, we sampled indoor and outdoor air, play area soil and floor dust, as well as duplicate

174.

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Quantification of children’s hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology

Authors: Karyn J. Reed, Marta Jimenez, Natalie C.G. Freeman, Paul J. Lioy

A videotaping methodology has been developed for use in quantifying the types and frequencies of children's hand and mouthing activities that could lead to exposure to environmental pollutants via dermal and ingestion pathways. Twenty children in daycare, ages 3-6 years and 10 children in residences, ages 2-5 years, were videotaped during their waking hours for 1 day. Parents of each child completed questionnaires for the purpose of evaluating the accuracy of parental reports of hand-to-mouth ra

175.

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Biomonitoring and whole body cotton dosimetry to estimate potential human dermal exposure to semivolatile chemicals

Authors: Robert I. Krieger

Current methods of estimating absorbed dosage (AD) of chemicals were evaluated to determine residue transfer from a carpet treated with chlorpyrifos (CP) to humans who performed a structured exercise routine. To determine the dislodgeability of residue, a California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) roller was applied to a flat cotton cloth upon a treated carpet. Levels ranged from 0.06 to 0.99 µg CP/cm2. Cotton whole body disimeters (WBD) were also used to assess residue transer. The do

176.

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Comparison of pesticide levels in carpet dust and self reported pest treatment practices in four US sites

Authors: Joanne S. Colt

Epidemiologic studies have used both questionnaires and carpet dust sampling to assess residential exposure to pesticides. The consistency of the information provided by these two approaches has not been explored. In a population-based case–control study of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, carpet dust samples were collected from the homes of 513 control subjects in Detroit, Iowa, Los Angeles, and Seattle. The samples were taken from used vacuum cleaner bags and analyzed for 30 pesticides. Interviewers

177.

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Residential environmental measurements in the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) pilot study in Arizona: preliminary results for pesticides and VOCs

Authors: Sydney M. Gordon, et al.

A major objective of the National Human Exposure Assessment Survey (NHEXAS) performed in Arizona was to conduct residential environmental and biomarker measurements of selected pesticides (chlorpyrifos, diazinon), volatile organic compounds (VOCs; benzene, toluene, trichloroethene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene), and metals for total humane exposure assessments. Both personal (e.g., blood, urine, dermal wipes, 24 h duplicate diet) and microenvironmental (e.g. indoor and outdoor air, house dust, fo

178.

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Effect of environmental interventions to reduce exposure to asthma triggers in homes of low-income children in Seattle

Authors: Tim K. Takaro, James W. Krieger,and Lin Song

The effectiveness of community health workers (CHWs) assisting families in reducing exposure to indoor asthma triggers has not been studied. In all, 274 low-income asthmatic children were randomly assigned to high- or low-intensity groups. CHWs visited all homes to assess exposures, develop action plans and provide bedding encasements. The higher-intensity group also received cleaning equipment and five to nine visits over a year focusing on asthma trigger reduction. The asthma trigger composite

181.

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Deteriorated Housing Contributes to High Cockroach Allergen Levels in Inner-City Households

Authors: Virginia A. Rauh, Ginger L. Chew, and Robin S. Garfinkel

The high prevalence of childhood asthma in low-income, inner-city populations is not fully understood but has been at least partly attributed to the disproportionate exposures associated with socioeconomic disadvantage. The contribution of indoor allergens to asthma is well documented, but links between socioeconomic disadvantage and indoor allergen levels are not clear. We investigated levels of cockroach allergens (Bla g 2) in a sample of 132 Dominican or African American low-income households

183.

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Chemicals in the Environment and Developmental Toxicity to Children: A Public Health: A Public Health and Policy Perspective

Authors: Lynn R. Goldman and Sudha Koduru

There are numerous pesticides and toxic chemicals in the environment that have yet to be evaluated for potential to cause developmental neurotoxicity. Recent legislation and testing initiatives provide an impetus to generating more information about potential hazards to children. In the United States, the 1996 Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) required the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) to make a finding that a pesticide food use is safe for children. In addition, the law requ

184.

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Exposures of Children to Organophosphate Pesticides and Their Potential Adverse Health Effects

Authors: Brenda Eskenazi, Asa Bradman, and Rosemary Castorina

Recent studies show that young children can be exposed to pesticides during normal oral exploration of their environment and their level of dermal contact with floors and other surfaces. Children living in agricultural areas may be exposed to higher pesticide levels than other children because of pesticides tracked into their homes by household members, by pesticide drift, by breast milk from their farmworker mother, or by playing in nearby fields. Nevertheless, few studies have assessed the ex

188.

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Characterizing Exposures to Nonpersistent Pesticides during Pregnancy and Early Childhood in the National Children’s Study: A Review of Monitoring and Measurement Methodologies

Authors: Asa Bradman and Robin M. Whyatt

The National Children’s Study is a proposed longitudinal cohort study to evaluate the relationships between children’s health and the environment. Enrollment is estimated to begin in September 2005, and 100,000 children will be followed from preconception or early pregnancy until adulthood. Among multiple health outcomes, the study is proposing to investigate whether pre- and/or postnatal exposures to nonpersistent pesticides increase the risk of poor performance on neurobehavioral and cognitive

189.

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Exposure to Indoor Pesticides during Pregnancy in a Multiethnic, Urban Cohort

Authors: Gertrud S. Berkowitz

Evidence is growing that indoor pesticide exposure is of considerable magnitude in the United States and that pesticide concentrations may be especially high in urban areas. Of particular concern is exposure of pregnant women because animal data suggest that exposure to pesticides during pregnancy and early life may impair neurodevelopment in the offspring. To investigate the relationship between prenatal exposure to indoor pesticides and infant growth and development, we are conducting a prospe

190.

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Prenatal Insecticide Exposures and Birth Weight and Length among an Urban Minority Cohort

Authors: Robin M. Whyatt, et al.

We reported previously that insecticide exposures were widespread among minority women in New York City during pregnancy and that levels of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos in umbilical cord plasma were inversely associated with birth weight and length. Here we expand analyses to include additional insecticides (the organophosphate diazinon and the carbamate propoxur), a larger sample size (n = 314 mother–newborn pairs), and insecticide measurements in maternal personal air during pregnancy as

191.

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Contemporary-Use Pesticides in Personal Air Samples during Pregnancy and Blood Samples at Delivery among Urban Minority Mothers and Newborns

Authors: Robin M. Whyatt, et al.

We have measured 29 pesticides in plasma samples collected at birth between 1998 and 2001 from 230 mother and newborn pairs enrolled in the Columbia Center for Children’s Environmental Health prospective cohort study. Our prior research has shown widespread pesticide use during pregnancy among this urban minority cohort from New York City. We also measured eight pesticides in 48-hr personal air samples collected from the mothers during pregnancy. The following seven pesticides were detected in 4

192.

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Residential Pesticide Use during Pregnancy among a Cohort of Urban Minority Women

Authors: Robin M. Whyatt, et al.

Residential pesticide use is widespread in the United States. However, data are limited specific to use among minority populations. Nor are data available on the extent of pesticide exposure resulting from residential use during pregnancy. We have gathered questionnaire data on pesticide use in the home during pregnancy from 316 African-American and Dominican women residing in northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. Additionally, 72 women underwent personal air monitoring for 48 hr during their

194.

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Pesticides in Household Dust and Soil: Exposure Pathways for Children of Agricultura Familiesl

Authors: Nancy J. Simcox, Richard A. Fenske, Sarah A. Wolz, I-Chwen Lee, and David A. Kalman

Children of agricultural families are likely to be exposed to agricultural chemicals, even if they are not involved in farm activities. This study was designed to determine whether such children are exposed to higher levels of pesticides than children whose parents are not involved in agriculture and whose homes are not close to farms. Household dust and soil samples were collected in children's play areas from 59 residences in eastern Washington State (26 farming, 22 farmworker, and 11 nonfar

195.

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Predicting Children’s Short-Term Exposure to Pesticides: Results of a

Authors: Ken Sexton, et al.

The ability of questionnaires to predict children’s exposure to pesticides was examined as part of the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES). The MNCPES focused on a probability sample of 102 children between the ages of 3 and 13 years living in either urban (Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN) or nonurban (Rice and Goodhue Counties in Minnesota) households. Samples were collected in a variety of relevant media (air, food, beverages, tap water, house dust, soil, urine), and chemical a

200.

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The Environment and Asthma in U.S. Inner Cities

Authors: Peyton A. Eggleston, Timothy J. Buckley, Patrick N. Breysse, Marsha Wills-Karp, Steven R. Kleeberger, and Jouni J. K. Jaakkola

The prevalence and severity of asthma has increased in the last 20 years, and the greatest increase has been seen among children and young adults living in U.S. inner cities. The reasons for this increase are obviously complex, but include environmental exposures to allergens and pollutants, changing patterns of medication, and the psychosocial stresses of living in poor inner-city neighborhoods. This paper presents an overview of environmental, immunologic, and genetic factors associated wit

206.

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Variability of House Dust Mite Allergen Exposure in Dwellings

Authors: Thomas Hirsch, Eberhard Kuhlisch, Wolfgang Soldan, and Wolfgang Leupold

The variability of repeated house dust mite (HDM) allergen determinations at the same site within 3-24 months was evaluated on previously collected samples. Between two and four repeated measurements of Der p 1, a major allergen of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Der f 1, a major allergen of D. farinae, on 46 carpets and 31 mattresses were analyzed. In 90% of carpets and mattresses, HDM allergen concentrations were clinically relevant (at least one measurement >0.1 µg Der p 1 + Der f 1/g dust

207.

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Indoor Air Pollution and Childhood Asthma: Effective Environmental Interventions

Authors: Ruth A. Etzel

Exposure to indoor air pollutants such as tobacco smoke and dust mites may exacerbate childhood asthma. Environmental interventions to reduce exposures to these pollutants can help prevent exacerbations of the disease. Among the most important interventions is the elimination of environmental tobacco smoke from the environments of children with asthma. However, the effectiveness of reducing asthmatic children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on the severity of their symptoms has not y

213.

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Socioeconomic Predictors of High Allergen Levels in Homes in the Greater

Authors: Barrett T. Kitch, et al.

In the United States, childhood asthma morbidity and prevalence rates are the highest in less affluent urban minority communities. More than 80% of childhood asthmatics are allergic to one or more inhalant allergens. We evaluated whether socioeconomic status was associated with a differential in the levels and types of indoor home allergens. Dust samples for an ELISA allergen assay were collected from the homes of 499 families as part of a metropolitan Boston, Massachusetts, longitudinal birth

215.

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Distribution and Determinants of Mouse Allergen Exposure in Low-Income New York City Apartments

Authors: Ginger L. Chew, at al.

Previous studies of mouse allergens and laboratory-animal-worker–related allergy and asthma suggest that quantifying mouse allergen levels in homes could augment our understanding of innercity asthma. We hypothesized that levels of mouse allergen in inner-city homes would be related to certain household characteristics. Dust samples were collected from the kitchens and beds of 221 mothers enrolled in a prospective birth cohort study, 92 of African American and 129 of Dominican ethnicity. Samples

217.

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First National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing: Survey Design and

Authors: Patrick J. Vojta, et al.

From July 1998 to August 1999, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences conducted the first National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing. The purpose of the survey was to assess children’s potential household exposure to lead, allergens, and bacterial endotoxins. We surveyed a sample of 831 homes, representing 96 million permanently occupied, noninstitutional housing units that permit resident children. We administered q

219.

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Healthy Homes Brochure

Authors: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's (HUD) Healthy Homes Program helps make our home safer. The Program provides homeowners and rental property owners with practical information about how to prevent health and safety hazards.

243.

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Lead Factsheet

Authors: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Housing and Lead Hazard Control

Did you know...? Many homes built before 1978 have lead-based paint? 3.8 million homes in the United States have peeling or chipping lead-based paint or high levels of lead in dust? Infants, children under six, and pregnant women should have their blood tested for lead? In the United States, children from poor families are eight times more likely to get lead poisoned? What is it? Lead is a toxic metal used in a variety of products and materials. When lead is absorbed into the body, it c

248.

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Safe Pest Control Factsheet

Authors: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control

Did you know...? Many pesticides for home use are toxic? There are alternative pest management methods that limit the use of toxic substances? Mice, cockroaches, and cockroach "dust” can trigger asthma attack? What is it? Integrated pest management (IPM) is a way to remove pests, like cockroaches, ice, and rats from a home. IPM is a common sense approach that: Denies pests food, water, shelter and a way to enter the home. Uses baits and powders, such as gel baits, traps and borate powder. W

250.

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Allergy Factsheet

Authors: U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Healthy Homes and Lead Hazard Control

Did you know...? As many as 40 or 50 million people in the United States suffer from allergies? Allergies cause swollen eyes, itching skin, dripping noses, lightheadedness and even death? What is it? An allergy is a strong reaction by your body’s immune system to something that would normally be harmless—a food, plant, or medicine. Common reactions include a stuffy nose, itchy eyes, or a skin rash. Severe allergic reactions (see below) require immediate medical attention. Many people wh

258.

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Association of Housing Disrepair Indicators with Cockroach and Rodent Infestations in a Cohort of Pregnant Latina Women and Their Children

Authors: Asa Bradman, Jonathan Chevrier, Ira Tager, et al.

Health burdens associated with poor housing and indoor pest infestations are likely to affect young children in particular, who spend most of their time indoors at home. We completed environmental assessments in 644 homes of pregnant Latina women and their children living in the Salinas Valley, California. High residential densities were common, with 39% of homes housing > 1.5 persons per room. Housing disrepair was also common: 58% of homes had peeling paint, 43% had mold, 25% had water damage

262.

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Housing and Health: Time Again for Public Health Action

Authors: James Krieger, Donna L. Higgins

Poor housing conditions are associated with a wide range of health conditions, including respiratory infections, asthma, lead poisoning, injuries, and mental health. Addressing housing issues offers public health practitioners an opportunity to address an important social determinant of health. Public health has long been involved in housing issues. In the 19th century, health officials targeted poor sanitation, crowding, and inadequate ventilation to reduce infectious diseases as well as fire h

263.

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Comparison of Home Lead Dust Reduction Techniques on Hard Surfaces: The New Jersey Assessment of Cleaning Techniques Trial

Authors: David Q. Rich, George G. Rhoads, Lih-Ming Yiin, et al.

High efficiency particulate air filter (HEPA) vacuums, which collect particles > 0.3 µm, and trisodium phosphate (TSP), a detergent claimed to selectively remove lead, have been included in the HUD Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead Based Paint Hazards in Housing without systematic validation of their effectiveness. At the time the study was initiated, both HEPA vacuums and TSP were relatively expensive, they were not readily found in urban retail centers, and there were environme

264.

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National Prevalence and Exposure Risk for Cockroach Allergens in U.S. Households

Authors: Richard D. Cohen, Samuel J. Arbes, Jr., Renee Jamamillo, Laura H. Reid, and Darryl C. Zeldin

Objective - We characterized the prevalence of cockroach allergen exposure in a nationally representative sample of U.S. homes and assessed risk factors for elevated concentrations. Design - We used data from the National Survey of Lead and Allergens in Housing, a population-based,cross-sectional survey. Participants - Residents of 831 U.S. homes participated in the survey. Evaluations/Measurements- We analyzed allergen, questionnaire, and observational data of 831 U.S. homes. Results - Cock

279.

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Clinical evaluation of the effect of anti-allergic mattress covers in patients with moderate to severe asthma and house dust mite allergy: a randomised double blind placebo controlled study

Authors: L H M Rijssenbeek-Nouwens, et al.

Background: The use of anti-allergic mattress covers in patients with asthma can result in a large reduction in the level of house dust mite allergen in dust samples. Apart from a reduction in histamine induced bronchial hyperronsiveness, there are few data on the effect of mattress covers on clincial efficacy and quality of life in patients with moderate to severe asthma. Methods: Thirty patients with asthma and house dust mite allergy were studied in a randomised, double blind, placebo contro

290.

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The Influence of Exterior Dust and Soil Lead on Interior Dust Lead Levels in Housing That Had Undergone Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control

Authors: Scott Clark, William Menrath, Mei Chen, Paul Succop, Robert Bornschein, Warren Galke, and Jonathan Wilson

To aid in understanding the contribution of exterior dust/soil lead to postintervention interior dust lead, a subset of housing from the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program Evaluation was selected for study. Housing from 12 state and local governments was included. Exterior entry and street dust samples were obtained by a vacuum method, and soil samples were building perimeter core composites. Interior dust wipe lead data (µg/ft2) and paint lead data (mg/cm2) were also available fo

293.

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The Effect of Interior Lead Hazard Controls on Children’s Blood Lead Concentrations: A Systematic Evaluation

Authors: Erin Haynes, Bruce P. Lanphear, Ellen Tohn, Nick Farr, and George G. Rhoads

Dust control is often recommended to prevent children’s exposure to residential lead hazards, but the effect of these controls on children’s blood lead concentrations is uncertain. We conducted a systematic review of randomized, controlled trials of low-cost, lead hazard control interventions to determine the effect of lead hazard control on children’s blood lead concentration. Four trials met the inclusion criteria. We examined mean blood lead concentration and elevated blood lead concentratio

294.

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The Effect of Dust Lead Control on Blood Lead in Toddlers: A Randomized Trial

Authors: George G. Rhoads, Adrienne S. Ettinger, Clifford P. Weisel, Timothy J. Buckley,

Background. Contaminated household dust is believed to be a major source of exposure for most children with elevated blood lead levels. To determine if a vigorous dust clean-up effort would reduce this exposure we conducted a randomized controlled field trial. Methods. We randomized 113 urban children between the ages of 6 and 36 months: 56 children to a lead dust intervention composed of maternal education and biweekly assistance with household cleaning and 57 children to a control group. Hous

301.

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Residential Dust Lead Loading Immediately After Intervention in the HUD Lead Hazard Control Grant Program

Authors: Sherry L. Dixon, Jonathan W. Wilson, Paul A. Succop, Mei Chen, Warren A. Galke, William Menrath, and C. Scott Clark

At the conclusion of most lead hazard control interventions in federally assisted housing built before 1978, a certified clearance examiner must verify that the lead hazard control work was completed as specified and that the area is safe for residents, a process referred to as clearance. This study explores the experience of 14 grantees participating in the Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program in passing clearance. The study also considers how preintervention lea

317.

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Home and Allergic Characteristics of Children with Asthma in Seven U.S. Urban Communities and Design of an Environmental Intervention: The Inner-City Asthma Study

Authors: Ellen F. Crain, Michelle Walter, George T. O’Connor, Herman Mitchell, Rebecca S. Gruchalla, Meyer Kattan, George S. Malindzak, Paul Enright, Richard Evans III, Wayne Morgan, and James W. Stout

Most published environmental remediation interventions have been directed at single allergens and have employed demanding strategies; few have been performed in the homes of inner-city children disproportionately burdened by asthma. Our objective was a) to describe the allergen sensitivities, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure, and home environmental characteristics of a national sample of inner-city children with moderate to severe asthma and b) to develop and implement a multifaceted,

320.

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Healthy Homes Issues: Asthma

Authors: Peter Ashley, John R. Menkedick, Maureen A. Wooton

In October 1998, in response to Executive Order 13045 on “Protection of Children from Environmental Risks and Safety Risks,” the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) launched the Healthy Homes Initiative (HHI). The primary goal of the HHI is to protect children from housing conditions that are responsible for multiple diseases and injuries. As part of this initiative, HUD is preparing a series of papers to provide background information to their current HHI grantees, as well a

322.

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Factors Affecting the Retention of Dust Mite Allergen on Carpet

Authors: R.D. Lewis, P.N. Breysse, P.S.J. Lees, M. Diener-West, R.g. Hamilton, P. Eggleston

Carpeting is one of the most common and perhaps the most important resevoir of aeroallergens and other components of dust found in residential or commerical settings. This research evaluated factors that affect the retention of dust mite allergens on different types of tufted carpet commonly found in homes and offices. Twenty-six types of carpet were custom manufactured as part of a two-stage factorial experiment using 182 carpet samples. Carpets differed with respect to fiber denier, cross-sect

324.

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Environmental allergen avoidance: An overview

Authors: Peyton A.Eggleston, and Robert K.Bush

n 1999,the American Academy of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology published a position statement that recommended that physicians include indoor allergen avoidance approaches as adjunctive therapy for patients with chronic allergic asthma. This statement supported the development of a public education process to increase general awareness of the role of environmental allergens in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Additionally, it recommended that patients with allergic asthma be given practical a

326.

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Effects of Physical Interventions on House Dust Mite Allergen Levels inCarpet, Bed, and Upholstery Dust in Low-Income, Urban Homes

Authors: Patrick J. Vojta, Sandra P. Randels, James Stout, Michael Muilenberg, Harriet A. Burge, Henry Lynn, Herman Mitchell, George T. O’Connor, and Darryl C. Zeldin

House dust mite allergen exposure is a postulated risk factor for allergic sensitization, asthma development, and asthma morbidity; however, practical and effective methods to mitigate these allergens from low-income, urban home environments remain elusive. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of physical interventions to mitigate house dustmite allergens in this setting. Homes with high levels of house dust mite allergen (Der f1 + Derp1 ?10 µg/g dust by enzy

328.

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Ecology and elimination of cockroachesand allergens in the home

Authors: Peyton A.Eggleston, and Luisa Karla Arruda

Cockroach infestations have been indicated as a major contributor to asthma throughout the world. Several studies have shown that large numbers of asthmatic patients are sensitized to cockroach allergens. Eliminating this pest from homes,schools,and public buildings involves a long-term commitment to a rational extermination process. This article covers the characteristics of the major cockroach species that invade homes, assesses the role of environmental exposure to cockroaches in asthma, and

329.

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Dust Mite, Cockroach, Cat, and Dog Allergen Concentrations in Homes of Asthmatic Children in the Northeastern United States: Impact of Socioeconomic Factors and Population Density

Authors: Brian Leaderer, Kathleen Belange, Elizabeth Triche, Theodore Holford, Diane Gold, Young Kim, Thomas Jankun, Ping Ren, Jean-ellen McSharry, Thomas Platts-Mills, Martin Chapman, Michael Bracken

Home exposures to aeroallergens are an important environmental factor in allergic sensitization and in the development and exacerbation of asthma. We assessed variations in home concentrations of dust mite, cockroach, cat, and dog allergens in dust collected in the main living areas of asthmatics’ homes by family income, mother’s education, dwelling type, population density, household population density, and ethnicity in Connecticut and south-central Massachusetts. Dust samples were collected at

338.

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Assessment of Cleaning to Control Lead Dust in Homes of Children with Moderate Lead Poisoning: Treatment of Lead-Exposed Children

Authors: Adrienne S. Ettinger, Robert L. Bornschein, Mark Farfel, Carla Campbell, N. Beth Ragan, George G. Rhoads, Merrill Brophy, Sherry Wilkins, and Douglas Dockery

In this article we describe the assessment and control of lead dust exposure in the Treatment of Lead-exposed Children (TLC) Trial, a clinical trial of the effects of oral chelation on developmental end points in urban children with moderately elevated blood lead levels. To reduce potential lead exposure from settled dust or deteriorated paint during the drug treatment phase of the trial, the homes of 765 (98%) of the randomized children (both active and placebo drug treatment groups) were profe

340.

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An Evaluation of One-Time Professional Cleaning in Homes with Lead-Based Paint Hazards

Authors: Ellen R.Tohn, Sherry L. Dixon, Jonathan W. Wilson, Warren A. Galke, and C. Scott Clark

A key challenge in reducing the burden of lead poisoning is to identify cost-effective interventions that minimize lead-based paint hazards. One-time professional cleaning of lead-contaminated dust and debris was conducted in 37 housing units with deteriorated lead-based paint and dust lead hazards. These study units are a subset of a larger cohort of the nearly 3500 housing units enrolled in the Evaluation of the HUD Lead-Based Paint Hazard Control Grant Program. Dust lead loading measurements

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A Pilot Study Examining Changes in Dust Lead Loading on Walls and Ceilings after Lead Hazard Control Interventions

Authors: Ellen Tohn, Sherry Dixon, Ron Rupp, and Scott Clark

The U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) guidelines on lead hazard control instructs contractors to clean floors, windows, walls, ceilings, and other horizontal surfaces to remove lead-contaminated dust and debris after lead interventions are conducted. This dust removal activity adds costs to each project. The need to clean floors and windows is well documented in the HUD guidelines. However, there is substantially less documentation to support the recommendation to clean wall

345.

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A Comparison of the Sampling Characteristics of Two Vacuum Surface Samplers for the Collection of Dust Mite Allergen

Authors: Roger D. Lewis, Patrick N. Breysse

Hand-held vacuum cleaners are commonly adapted for collection of allergens in settled dust; however, the collection efficiencies for most of these devices have not been investigated. We evaluated and compared the collection characteristics of two vacuum surface samplers: the ReadiVac (6735), a hand-held vacuum cleaner with a cloth filter bonnet; and the high volume surface sampler (HVS3), a modified upright vacuum cleaner equipped with a cyclone for collecting small particles and a means for adj